Table 2.
Ethnobotanical information and pharmacological properties of species with stimulating glucose uptake.
| Scientific name | Myanmar name | Family | Parta | Yield (%) | Traditional use in Myanmar | Pharmacological properties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Croton tiglium L. | Kanakho, mai-hkang | Euphorbiaceae | S (oily phase) | 9 | Oil can be used for stomach disorders, hypertension, fever, inflammation, infections, and diseases of the throat and ear [8] | Antioxidant, antitumor, anti-HIV, anticonvulsant, gastrointestinal, anti-inflammatory, and α-amylase inhibitory activities [15, 16] |
| Croton tiglium L. | Kanakho, mai-hkang | Euphorbiaceae | S (solid phase) | 7 | To stimulate appetite; correct imbalances in phlegm and gas; prevent jaundice, fainting, and facial paralysis; also taken as a laxative to rid the body of impurities [8] | Antioxidant, antitumor, anti-HIV, anticonvulsant, gastrointestinal, anti-inflammatory, and α-amylase inhibitory activities [15, 16] |
| Mansonia gagei J.R. Drumm. | Kala-met | Malvaceae | W | 4 | To eliminate phlegm; to treat heart diseases, urinary disorders, and anemia; to alleviate itches [8] | Anticancer, antifungal, antioxidant, and larvicidal activities [17, 18] |
| Litsea cubeba (lour.) pers. | Thing ting | Lauraceae | Fr | 21 | To treat stomachache and stomach ulcer; used for postpartum care [19] | Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiasthmatic, anticholinergic, and antiplatelet aggregation activities [20] |
| Valeriana jatamansi jones | Kanpalu | Caprifoliaceae | Rh | 22 | Treating for diabetes | Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, myorelaxant and antispasmodic, psychotic, radioprotective, antimicrobial, hypnotic, anthelmintic, cytotoxic, and antioxidant activities [21] |
| Ligusticum officinale (makino) kitag. | Kantbalu-u-thae | Apiaceae | Rh | 12 | Undocumented | Pancreatic lipase inhibitory, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant activities [22] |
| Canscora diffusa (vahl) R.Br. ex roem. and schult. | Kyauk-pan | Gentianaceae | L | 19 | Undocumented | Antibacterial activities [23] |
| Caladium lindenii (andré) madison | Gamone-gya | Araceae | Rh | 21 | Undocumented | Not reported |
| Zingiber officinale roscoe | Gyin | Zingiberaceae | Rh | 11 | Laryngitis, chest and respiratory ailments, infected sores, and inflammation caused by injury [8] | Antidiabetic, antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities [24] |
| Nigella sativa L. | Samon-net | Ranunculaceae | S (oily phase) | 3 | Carminative and galactagogue [8] | Antimicrobial, antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic, anticancer, antidiabetic, gastroprotective, nephroprotective, and hepatoprotective activities [25] |
| Nigella sativa L. | Samon-net | Ranunculaceae | S (solid phase) | 12 | Used as a carminative and galactagogue [8] | Antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihyperlipidemic, anticancer, antidiabetic, cardiovascular protective, gastroprotective, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, wound-healing activities, the effect on the reproductive system, and immunoprotective activity [25] |
| Baliospermum solanifolium (Burm.) Suresh | Hnat-cho, ya-wo-mo, ya-wo-po | Euphorbiaceae | St | 4 | Toothache, purge | Roots have anticancer, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective activities [26] |
| Pterocarpus indicus Willd. | Pan-padauk | Leguminosae | W | 5 | Dysentery, diarrhea | Barks showed α-glucosidase inhibitory activity [27], antitumor and antibacterial activity, and antiallergic properties [28] |
| Coptis teeta Wall. | Khan tauk | Ranunculaceae | R | 23 | To relieve constipation, regulate bowel movements, promote digestion, reduce fever, treat malaria, and increase vitality; roots soaked in liquor for malaria [8] | Antipathogenic microorganism, antidiabetes, and anticancer activities; protective effects on the cardiovascular system [29] |
| Mesua ferrea L. | Guntgaw | Calophyllaceae | L | 12 | To treat snakebites [8] | Analgesic and antibacterial activities [30] |
| Hesperethusa crenulata (Roxb.) Roem. | Sansph-ka, Thanaka | Rutaceae | R | 9 | Barks are used as a skincare [31]. | Barks showed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and tyrosinase inhibitory activities [31]; leaves showed tyrosinase inhibitory activity [32] |
| Hesperethusa crenulata (Roxb.). Roem. | Sansph-ka, Thanaka | Rutaceae | L | 5 | Barks are used as a skincare [31]. | Barks showed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and tyrosinase inhibitory activities [31]; leaves showed tyrosinase inhibitory activity [32] |
aS: seeds, L: leaves, R: roots, Rh: rhizomes, W: woods, WP: whole plants, St: stems, and Fr: fruits.