Table 3.
Individual, social, and environmental perspectives by commute mode choice.
| Non-active transportation commuter |
Active transportation commuter |
Total |
p-value |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| % or M±SD | % or M±SD | % or M±SD | ||
| Individual (N = 178) | ||||
| Confidence bicycling | 2.41 ± 1.01 | 3.02 ± 1.04 | 2.72 ± 1.07 | <.001 |
| Confidence walking | 3.66 ± .57 | 3.72 ± .54 | 3.69.55 | .511 |
| Active transportation beliefs | ||||
| Relieves stress | 5.57 ± 1.28 | 6.04 ± 1.27 | 5.81 ± 1.29 | .014 |
| Improves physical health | 6.19 ± 1.05 | 6.42 ± .84 | 6.31 ± .95 | .095 |
| Improves mental health | 5.80 ± 1.19 | 6.25 ± .98 | 6.03 ± 1.10 | .007 |
| Improves physical appearance | 5.17 ± 1.44 | 5.43 ± 1.59 | 5.31 ± 1.52 | .254 |
| Improves energy | 5.28 ± 1.30 | 5.64 ± 1.41 | 5.47 ± 1.37 | .077 |
| Results in injury | 5.05 ± 1.61 | 5.17 ± 1.47 | 5.11 ± 1.53 | .581 |
| Good for the environment | 6.47 ± 1.19 | 6.66 ± .560 | 6.57 ± .92 | .152 |
| Saves money | 6.26 ± 1.10 | 6.47 ± 1.03 | 6.37 ± 1.07 | .187 |
| Increases productivity | 4.16 ± 1.45 | 4.99 ± 1.39 | 4.59 ± 147 | <.001 |
| Barriers to active transportation use | ||||
| Time constraints/takes too long | 3.88 ± 1.27 | 2.23 ± 1.27 | 3.03 ± 1.51 | <.001 |
| Distance/too far | 3.78 ± 1.25 | 2.27 ± 1.25 | 3.001 ± 1.46 | <.001 |
| Traveling to other places before/after work | 3.27 ± 1.28 | 2.66 ± 1.24 | 2.96 ± 1.29 | .002 |
| Health problems | 2.07 ± 1.05 | 1.86 ± 1.19 | 1.96 ± 1.23 | .213 |
| Traveling preferences of others traveling with you | 2.22 ± 1.30 | 2.13 ± 1.26 | 2.17 ± 1.28 | .637 |
| Concerns about appearance | 2.64 ± 1.44 | 2.33 ± 1.38 | 2.48 ± 1.42 | .140 |
| Concerns about safety from traffic | 4.13 ± 1.12 | 3.64 ± 1.22 | 3.88 ± 1.19 | .006 |
| Concerns about safety from crime | 3.06 ± 1.33 | 2.61 ± 1.28 | 2.83 ± 1.32 | .023 |
| Concerns around bicycle maintenance | 2.86 ± 1.24 | 2.39 ± 1.17 | 2.62 ± 1.22 | .010 |
| Lack of sidewalks | 3.14 ± 1.49 | 2.27 ± 1.30 | 2.69 ± 1.46 | <.001 |
| Bad weather | 4.35 ± .72 | 3.89 ± 1.03 | 4.11 ± .92 | .001 |
| Difficult terrain | 3.13 ± 1.30 | 2.50 ± 1.24 | 2.80 ± 1.30 | .001 |
| Motivators to active transportation use | ||||
| Nice scenery on the route to work | 3.45 ± 1.26 | 3.68 ± 1.09 | 3.57 ± 1.18 | .191 |
| Economic concerns | 3.37 ± 1.21 | 3.88 ± 1.07 | 3.63 ± 1.16 | .003 |
| Traveling to other places before/after work | 2.65 ± 1.13 | 3.10 ± 1.11 | 2.88 ± 1.14 | .008 |
| Perceived health benefits | 3.95 ± .78 | 4.22 ± .875 | 4.09 ± .84 | .036 |
| Traffic congestion | 3.45 ± 1.25 | 3.87 ± 1.28 | 3.67 ± 1.28 | .030 |
| Good weather | 4.16 ± .94 | 4.14 ± 1.00 | 4.15 ± .97 | .883 |
| Parking difficulties | 3.43 ± 1.44 | 3.66 ± 1.51 | 3.55 ± 1.48 | .295 |
| Safe infrastructure | 3.97 ± 1.14 | 4.04 ± 1.07 | 4.01 ± 1.10 | .637 |
| Safety concerns around germs | 3.30 ± 1.31 | 3.75 ± 1.33 | 3.53 ± 1.34 | .025 |
| Social (N = 174) | ||||
| Family/friends | ||||
| Discuss active transportation to work | 4.30 ± 1.94 | 5.03 ± 1.62 | 4.681.82 | .007 |
| Value their thoughts on commute to work | 4.35 ± 1.87 | 4.48 ± 1.78 | 4.41 ± 1.82 | .633 |
| Hold an opinion on how they commute to work | 3.98 ± 1.80 | 4.44 ± 1.77 | 4.22 ± 1.80 | .086 |
| Influence commute choices | 3.58 ± 1.81 | 3.40 ± 1.72 | 3.49 ± 1.76 | .494 |
| Coworkers | ||||
| Discuss active transportation to work | 4.02 ± 1.91 | 4.77 ± 1.76 | 4.41 ± 1.87 | .008 |
| Value their thoughts on commute to work | 3.36 ± 1.90 | 3.40 ± 1.81 | 3.38 ± 1.85 | .879 |
| Hold an opinion on how they commute to work | 3.15 ± 1.83 | 3.63 ± 1.81 | 3.40 ± 1.83 | .085 |
| Influence commute choices | 2.65 ± 1.73 | 2.63 ± 1.47 | 2.64 ± 1.60 | .930 |
| Employer | ||||
| Incentives for active transportation | 9.5 | 9.3 | 9.4 | .947 |
| Hosts events related to active transportation | 4.8 | 10.2 | 7.5 | .133 |
| Flexible work hours | 15.2 | 15.7 | 15.5 | .919 |
| Bicycle storage policies | 14.3 | 17.6 | 16.0 | .510 |
| Bicycle parking | 46.7 | 52.8 | 49.8 | .372 |
| Locker rooms | 11.4 | 10.2 | 10.8 | .770 |
| Flexible dress code | 18.1 | 24.1 | 21.1 | .285 |
| Supports active transportation to work | 3.71 ± 1.60 | 4.00 ± 1.54 | 3.86 ± 1.57 | .232 |
| Environmental (N = 168) | ||||
| Bicycle/pedestrian friendliness near home | 3.74 ± 1.02 | 3.74 ± 1.03 | 3.74 ± 1.02 | .999 |
| Bicycle/pedestrian friendliness near work | 3.45 ± 1.18 | 3.51 ± 1.17 | 3.48 ± 1.17 | .739 |
| Satisfaction with city support | 2.73 ± 1.07 | 2.62 ± 1.07 | 2.67 ± 1.06 | .484 |
| Satisfaction with support from community | 3.00 ± .98 | 2.72 ± .97 | 2.86 ± .98 | .065 |
| Satisfaction with maintenance of infrastructure near home | 2.52 ± 1.20 | 2.29 ± 1.05 | 2.40 ± 1.13 | .180 |
| Satisfaction with maintenance of infrastructure near work | 2.54 ± 1.20 | 2.52 ± 1.12 | 2.53 ± 1.16 | .941 |
Notes. M = Mean; SD=Standard Deviation; bold text indicates p ≤ .05.