Fig. 1.

Schematic showing the generation of common preclinical murine cancer models. a. Carcinogen-Induced models are generated through the administration of cancer-causing agents to immunocompetent mouse strains. b. GEMMs promote tumor development through the promotion of oncogene expression or through deletion of tumor suppressors. c. Syngeneic models are generated through administration of murine-derived tumor cell lines, commonly carcinogen-induced cancers or transgenic tumor lines. d. CDX models are established through transplantation of human-derived 2D cancer cells into immunocompromised mice, either subcutaneously (under the skin) or orthotopically (in the corresponding organ). e. PDX models are established by transplantation of whole patient-derived tumor tissue either subcutaneously or orthotopically into immunocompromised mice, followed by in vivo passage of the tissue to create an experimental cohort