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. 2021 Apr 7;128(9):1279–1286. doi: 10.1007/s00702-021-02330-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Illustration of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis related (epi-)genetic and endocrine findings in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The current state of research suggests that at least a subgroup of individuals with PTSD presents with a number of single nucleotide polymorphisms and DNA methylation patterns that are associated with altered HPA axis functioning, such as increased glucocorticoid receptor (GR) sensitivity and hypocortisolaemia. These characteristics may directly contribute to the manifestation of PTSD symptoms via disturbed memory processes. University of Zurich, Information Technology, MELS/SIVIC, Tara von Grebel