Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Biomed Eng. 2021 Mar 8;7(4):405–423. doi: 10.1038/s41551-021-00683-3

Figure 2. Strategies for power supply in wireless, battery-free implantable devices.

Figure 2.

a. Schematic illustration of power harvesting and delivery strategies, including photovoltaic (PV), near-field magnetic resonance coupling, radio frequency power transfer (far-field), ultrasonic and ambient mechanical (piezoelectric and triboelectric) power harvesting. b. Autonomous devices that provide electrical stimulation to the vagus nerve for weight control, with power supplied by a triboelectric generator that harvests mechanical energy from movements of the stomach. Reproduced from Ref.119 Copyright 2018 Springer Nature. c. Flexible piezoelectric energy harvester for powering a deep brain stimulator. Reproduced from Ref.118 Copyright 2015 Royal Society of Chemistry. d. Soft, stretchable and fully implantable wireless optogenetic stimulator powered by far-field RF power transfer. Reproduced from Ref.98 Copyright 2015 Springer Nature. e. Fully implantable, wireless optogenetic deep brain stimulator powered by magnetic resonant coupling. Reproduced from Ref.100 Copyright 2017 Cell Press. f. Electrophysiological recording device powered by ultrasound. Reproduced from Ref.126 Copyright 2016 Cell Press. g. Implantable microscale optoelectronic neuromodulator powered by infrared light. Reproduced from Ref.124 Copyright 2018 National Academy of Sciences.