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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Biomed Eng. 2021 Mar 8;7(4):405–423. doi: 10.1038/s41551-021-00683-3

Figure 7. Fully implantable, wireless, battery-free system for automated, closed-loop peripheral neuromodulation.

Figure 7.

a, A rat with an implanted device during activation of the μLEDs. b, A device that combines a wireless control/power management module, an optical sensing/stimulation module and a wireless power transfer module. c, Optical image of a strain gauge and μLEDs wrapped around the bladder of a rat in an expanded state. d, Result of closed-loop optogenetic neuromodulation. Reproduced from Ref.141 Copyright 2019 Springer Nature.