Fig. 2.

Classic Parkinsonian symptoms induced by the AAV9-delivered CRISPR/Cas9 editing of PINK1 and DJ-1 genes in the monkey SN. A Averaged total PD scores of the four monkeys assessed by the improved Kurlan scale progressively increase after PINK1 and DJ-1 gene-editing, and the correlation between the total PD score and time (Week) is significant. B The total PD score of each monkey also increases with time (Week), and the scores of the old monkeys are always higher than those of the middle-aged monkeys. C–I Changes of the seven behavioral items of the improved Kurlan scale for each monkey between baseline (before viral injection) and the last test [data from monkey Old 1 are from week 14 (sacrificed early due to poor condition), while the data of the others are from week 18]. C–F Tremor, bradykinesia, gait, and gross motor skill all increase from a baseline of zero. The scores of the old monkeys are usually higher than those of the middle-aged monkeys. G, H Abnormal posture and defense abnormality increase significantly compared with baseline. I Loss of balance, which usually only appears at the late stage of monkey PD, does not appear. Data in C–I are presented as the mean ± SEM.