Table 3.
Studies examining the effects of rTMS on structure, functional activation, and functional connectivity in schizophrenia
| First author, year | rTMS | Target | Summary |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fitzgerald, 2007 | 1 Hz | L TPC | Increased post-treatment activation in left medial frontal gyrus, right cingulate gyrus, left middle frontal gyrus, left fronto-temporal regions, left dorsal inferior frontal gyrus, and left inferior parietal gyrus in patient group |
| Vercammen, 2010 | 1 Hz | L TPC | Increased FC between L TPC and R insula post-rTMS; but no FC change in a proposed “auditory hallucination network” between L TPC and B/L cingulate and amygdala |
| Prikryl, 2012 | 10 Hz | L DLPFC | No statistically significant changes in activation following rTMS or sham |
| Guse, 2013 | 10 Hz | L post-mid-frontal gyrus | No change in activation patterns of common frontoparietal and subcortical working memory networks following treatment |
| Kindler, 2013 | 1 Hz, iTBS | L TPC | Reduced CBF in primary auditory cortex, as well as Broca’s area and cingulate gyrus |
| Dlabac-de Lange, 2015 | 10 Hz | B/L DLPFC | Increased activation of R DLPFC and R medial frontal gyrus in the active group. Also, the active group had decreased activation in the left posterior cingulate, while sham had increased activation in this region |
| Bais, 2017 | 1 Hz | L TPC, B/L TPC | Varying effects on network FC, including frontotemporal, auditory-sensorimotor and default mode network changes |
| Hasan, 2017 | 10 Hz | L DLPFC | Volumetric gains observed in the left hippocampal, parahippocampal, and precuneal cortices, that were predictive of negative symptom improvement in the active group following rTMS |
| Leimburg, 2018 | 10 Hz | L DLPFC | Decreased striato-fronto-parietal activity seen on fMRI during WoF task |
| Chen, 2019 | cTBS | L TPC | Larger reduction of FC within the L cerebellum following cTBS |
iTBS intermittent theta burst stimulation, cTBS continuous theta burst stimulation, TPC temporal-parietal cortex, DLPFC dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, L left, R right, B/L bilateral, post-mid- posterior-middle, rTMS repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, FC functional connectivity, CBF cerebral blood flow, WoF wall of faces