Table 1.

MRI-based methods and advanced techniques used in neuroimaging of epilepsy

Name (acronym)	References	Brief description	Advanced methods
Volumetric MRI	[11, 12]	T1-weighted MR imaging is known for its relatively increased sensitivity to assess soft-tissue properties in epileptogenic lesions	Morphometric dentation, morphometric analysis program (MAP)
Magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF)	[32]	Pseudorandomized multiparameter (e.g., T1, T2, B0) data acquisition to assess multiple tissue properties using a single rapid sequence	MRF processing and visualization
Diffusion weighted MRI (DWI)	[205]	DWI relies on the Brownian motion of water molecules and relative permeability of lipids and other neuronal components to index the regional brain tissue properties and white matter microstructure and connectivity	Diffusion kurtosis, neurite orientation density and dispersion (NODDI), analysis along perivascular space (DTI-ALPS), graph theory
Functional MRI (fMRI)	[206]	Functional MRI (fMRI) assesses changes in deoxygenated hemoglobin as an indirect measure of regional brain activation and connectivity based on the energy requirements of adenosine tri-phosphate synthesis needed to maintain electro-chemical homeostasis of neurons	Magnetic resonance encephalography EEG-fMRI, static and dynamic connectivity MREG, Effective Connectivity, Graph Theory
MR spectroscopy imaging (MRSI)	[126, 127]	1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) is a well-established method for studying many major metabolites in the brain. Such as metabolites include inhibitory neurotransmitters gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or glutamate and glutamine (combined peak known as GLX), as well as N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), and creatinine (Cre) serving as an index of neuronal or cellular states and metabolic function	Volumetric MRSI, MRSI-thermometry (MRSI-t)