. 2021 Aug 20;96:103168. doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2021.103168

Table 2.

Changes in car usage by weekdays, weekends, and times of day.

Variable	All day						Morning			Daytime			Evening
Variable	Coef.	Std.Err.		Coef.	Std. Err.		Coef.	Std. Err.		Coef.	Std. Err.		Coef.	Std. Err.
Fixed effect
Intercept	6.781	0.321	^⁎⁎⁎	6.775	0.321	^⁎⁎⁎	4.320	0.319	^⁎⁎⁎	3.823	0.327	^⁎⁎⁎	4.189	0.313	^⁎⁎⁎
Number of confirmed cases	−0.020	0.001	^⁎⁎⁎	−0.013	0.001	^⁎⁎⁎	−0.007	0.001	^⁎⁎⁎	−0.018	0.001	^⁎⁎⁎	−0.006	0.001	^⁎⁎⁎
Weekend	−0.265	0.003	^⁎⁎⁎	−0.233	0.004	^⁎⁎⁎	−0.818	0.006	^⁎⁎⁎	0.126	0.004	^⁎⁎⁎	−0.401	0.005	^⁎⁎⁎
Length of arterial roads	0.065	0.029	^⁎	0.065	0.029	^⁎	0.054	0.028	*	0.069	0.029	^⁎	0.065	0.028	^⁎
Population	0.066	0.044		0.066	0.044		0.038	0.044		0.061	0.045		0.065	0.043
Employment	0.147	0.058	^⁎	0.147	0.058	^⁎	0.167	0.058	^⁎⁎	0.142	0.060	^⁎	0.152	0.057	^⁎⁎
Temperature: cold	0.008	0.003	^⁎	−0.002	0.004		−0.008	0.005		0.009	0.004	^⁎	−0.012	0.005	^⁎⁎
Temperature: hot	0.077	0.008	^⁎⁎⁎	0.072	0.008	^⁎⁎⁎	0.074	0.012	^⁎⁎⁎	0.035	0.009	^⁎⁎⁎	0.068	0.011	^⁎⁎⁎
Precipitation	−0.002	0.000	^⁎⁎⁎	−0.003	0.000	^⁎⁎⁎	−0.002	0.000	^⁎⁎⁎	−0.002	0.000	^⁎⁎⁎	−0.003	0.000	^⁎⁎⁎
Number of confirmed cases ∗ Weekend				−0.027	0.002	^⁎⁎⁎	−0.040	0.003	^⁎⁎⁎	−0.019	0.002	^⁎⁎⁎	−0.032	0.002	^⁎⁎⁎


Random effect	Variance	Std. Dev.		Variance	Std. Dev.		Variance	Std. Dev.		Variance	Std. Dev.		Variance	Std. Dev.
Cells	0.367	0.606		0.367	0.606		0.362	0.602		0.382	0.618		0.550	0.741

Number of groups		167			167			167			167			167
Number of observations		14,980			14,980			14,980			14,980			14,980
R-squared		0.350			0.360			0.701			0.125			0.447
Adj. R-squared		0.350			0.360			0.701			0.124			0.447
Breusch-Pagan test	0.000 (chisq = 565,152)			0.000 (chisq = 565,153)			0.000 (chisq = 466,629)			0.000 (chisq = 556,904)			0.000 (chisq = 499,317)

Notes: references for categorical variables (temperature: moderate, weekend: weekdays), statistical significance notation (^⁎⁎⁎p < 0.01, ^⁎⁎p < 0.05, ^⁎p < 0.1).