(A-D) In vitro differentiated Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells were co-cultured with hUC-MSCs (A), after which FACS was used to measure the IFNγ (B), IL-5, IL-13 (C), and IL-17A (D) produced by the Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, respectively. (E) PBMCs isolated from asthma patients were co-cultured for 24 h with hUC-MSCs (left panel), after which the mRNA expression of IL4, IL5, and IL13 in the PBMCs (right panels) was measured. The data in Figs. 5B-5D represent 3 independent experiments (n = 3 for each group). The data in Fig. 5E are from a single experiment with PBMC from five asthma patients. All data are expressed as mean ± SEM. Groups were compared by unpaired (B-D) or paired two-tailed Student’s t-test (E). *P ˂ 0.05; **P ˂ 0.01; n.s., not significant.