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. 2021 Mar 10;11(8):2114–2135. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.03.012

Figure 2.

Figure 2

The biogenesis and release of exosomes in mammalian cells. The inward budding of the plasma membrane packages cytosolic and transmembrane cargos to form early endosomes, which transform into late endosomes (MVBs) with intraluminal vesicles through ESCRT-dependent pathways or ESCRT-independent pathways. The MVBs fuse with the plasma membrane and release intraluminal vesicles as exosomes.