Table 1.

MNs-mediated transdermal delivery of proteins and peptides for prophylaxis of infectious diseases.

Disease	Protein/peptide drug	MNs type	MNs material	Ref.
Model	OVA	Hollow MNs	Silica	111,112
	OVA	Coated MNs	Titanium	37,113
	OVA	Coated MNs	PLLA	114
	OVA	Coated MNs	PLGA	115
	OVA	Coated and hydrogel-forming MNs	Zein	116
	OVA	Dissolving MNs	PMVE/MA	117,118
	OVA and platycodin	Dissolving MNs	HA	119
	OVA and Poly(I:C)	Dissolving MNs	CMC, trehalose	120,121
	OVA and Poly(I:C)	Dissolving MNs	PLGA and poly(acrylic acid)	122
	OVA and Poly(I:C)	Dissolving MNs	Silk and poly(acrylic acid)	123
	OVA	Dissolving and hydrogel-forming MNs	PMVE/MA, PEG, sodium carbonate/Gantrez S-97	124
	BSA and recombinant protective antigen	MicroCor™ (dissolving MNs)	PVA, trehalose, maltitol, HP-β-CD	125
Influenza	Inactivated influenza virus proteins	Coated MNs	Stainless steel	126
	Adenoviral serotype	Coated MNs	PLA	127
	Envelope protein Domain III subunit antigen	Coated MNs	Poly(l-lactic acid)	128
	Virus vaccine antigens	Dissolving MNs	PVP	72
	Virus vaccine antigens	Dissolving MNs	Trehalose and sodium CMC	129
	Influenza antigens	Dissolving MNs	Trehalose/sucrose, sucrose/arginine, and arginine/heptagluconate	130
	Hemagglutinin	Dissolving MNs	CMC sodium, ammonium acetate buffer, PVA, sucrose	131
	4M2e-tFliC fusion protein	Dissolving MNs	CMC sodium, arginine/heptagluconate, sucrose	132
	Influenza subunit vaccine and GM-CSF	Dissolving MNs	PVA, BSA, CMC, trehalose	133
HIV	Recombinant HIV-1 CN54gp140	Dissolving MNs	Gantrez® AN-139	134
	Trimer immunogen and adjuvant	Dissolving MNs	Poly(acrylic acid) and silk	135
Pneumonia	Recombinant protein subunit	Dissolving MNs	CMC	136
Diarrhea	Rotavirus vaccine	Coated MNs	Stainless steel	137
Hepatitis B	Surface antigen	Coated MNs	Titanium	138
Plague	F1 antigen	Microchannel Skin System	Plastic	139
Tuberculosis	Protein derivative	Dissolving MNs	HA	140
Measles	1000 TCID50	Dissolving MNs	Sucrose, threonine, and CMC	141
Leishmaniasis	Recombinant protein LiHyp1	Dissolving MNs	Sugar	142