Table 3.

The advantages and disadvantages of organic, inorganic, and hybrid sensitizers.

Category	Advantage	Disadvantage
Organic sensitizers	•High selectivity •Low toxicity	•Low water solubility •Limited light penetration •Chemical/biological instability •Skin phototoxicity •Aggregation in aqueous solutions •Poor pharmacokinetic behavior
Inorganic sensitizers	•Good biocompatibility •Biological stability •NIR-II phototherapy •Multi-functionality	•Dose-dependent toxicity •Unsatisfactory ultrasound absorption coefficient •Lack of in-depth toxicological assessment
Hybrid sensitizers	•Combination of the unique properties of organic and inorganic sensitizers	•Complex preparation procedures •Lack of detailed research