Table 3.
Therapeutic implications via targeting TEXs.
| Mechanism | Case | Ref. |
|---|---|---|
| Inhibition of TEXs release | Targeting Rab27a | 23,87,88 |
| Targeting Munc13-4 | 89 | |
| Targeting nSMase2 | 90,91 | |
| Removal of circulating TEXs | Aethlon Hemopurifier® | 92 |
| Anti-CD9/anti-CD63 antibodies | 77,93 | |
| Blocking interaction of TEXs with recipient cells | Targeting fibronectin/heparan interaction | 11,94 |
| Targeting HSP70/TLR2 interaction | 95 | |
| Targeting exosome endocytosis | 17,96 | |
| Harnessing TEXs as therapeutic carriers to treat cancer and its metastasis | TEXs delivery with nucleic acids (e.g., siRNA against RAD51 and RAD52) | 97 |
| TEXs delivery with chemotherapeutics (e.g., doxorubicin, MTX, cisplatin and paclitaxel) | 98, 99, 100, 101 | |
| TEXs delivery with nanoparticles (e.g., iron oxide nanoparticles) | 102 | |
| TEXs to boost immune response | 103, 104, 105 |