Table 1.

Fixed baseline parameter values of the basic model (2.1). Although the baseline value of the mask compliance parameter (c_m) is set at 0.50, we use different baseline values for the first and second pandemic waves. In particular, we set the baseline values for the first and second waves to c_m ≈ 0.20 and c_m ≈ 0.35, respectively, which correspond to the approximate value of the mask compliance during the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in the USA.

parameter	value	source
ηA	1.00	adapted from [40]
ηP	0.75	adapted from [40]
ηI	0.50	adapted from [40]
ηH	0.15	adapted from [40]
ɛm	0.50	estimated from [18,35,36]
cm	0.50	adapted from [24]
r	0.20	[41,42]
σE	0.40	[43,44]
σP	0.40	[43–45]
ΦI	0.17	[46]