Table 1.
Summary of multifunctional GelMA platforms with nanomaterials exploited for various tissue engineering applications.
| Type | Component | Properties of composites | Target application | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carbon-based | CNT | Reinforcing GelMA and improved electrical conductivity | Cardiac tissue engineering | [146] |
| CNT | Cell-responsive, stiffness dependent hydrogel platform | Cell encapsulation | [121] | |
| GO | Tunable physical properties and enhanced cellular behavior | Cell encapsulation | [125] | |
| GO | Gene delivery approach by promoting myocardial vasculogenesis | Acute myocardial therapy | [260] | |
| GO | Biocompatible photopolymerizable bio-ink for promoting chondrogenic differentiation | Cartilage tissue engineering | [263] | |
| rGO | Better mechanical property, electrical conductivity, and improved cardiac function | Cardiac tissue engineering | [154] | |
| rGO | Enhanced electrical conductivity and biocompatibility | Nerve tissue regeneration | [264] | |
| rGO | Better mechanical properties, electrical conductivity, flexibility as well as permeability | Peripheral nerve regeneration | [265] | |
| ND | Enhance the stiffness of GelMA matrix, drug loading, and sustained release | Bone regeneration | [123] | |
| Inorganic | nSi | Improved mechanical properties, osteogenesis ability in absence of osteoinductive agents | Bone tissue engineering | [266] |
| 2D-nSi | ECM mimicking scaffolds, Osteogenic differentiation in growth factor free environment | Bone tissue engineering | [120] | |
| BGN | Improved bioactivity, biocompatibility and enhances bone formation | Bone tissue engineering | [129] | |
| nHA | 3D printed biomimetic multilayered scaffolds | Osteochondral regeneration | [185] | |
| Metallic | Au-NP | Improve mechanical properties and promote osteogenesis | Bone tissue engineering | [267] |
| Au-NR | Electrically and mechanically enhanced material Characteristics | Cardiac tissue engineering | [122] | |
| Au-NW | Improved electrical conductivity and mechanical properties | Cardiac tissue engineering | [216] | |
| MNP | Mechanically stiff nanocomposite hydrogel at ultralow nanoparticle content | Scaffolding biomaterial | [218] | |
| AgNP | Accelerated wound healing, antibacterial effects | Skin tissue engineering | [217] | |
| Polymeric | CNF | Low concentration bio-ink for 3D bioprinting | Skin tissue engineering | [268] |
| n-Chitosan | Sustained release of angiogenic growth factor | Blood vessel formation | [259] |