Table 2.

Summary of various nano-engineered GelMA bio-inks used for fabricating bioprinted tissue constructs.

Bio-ink	Properties of constructs	Cell type	Applications	Reference
GNR/GelMA	⁃Improved electrical conduction between cardiac cells and endorsed their functional recovery ⁃Low viscosity helps high-density cell integration. ⁃Improved cell-cell communication, promotes harmonized contraction of constructs	CM/CF	3D functional cardiac tissue constructs	[418]
LPN/GelMA	⁃Enhanced shape fidelity retention and interconnected microarchitecture within the bio-printed fibers ⁃Controllable viscoelastic properties and the ability to spatially control bioactive molecule release ⁃Supported cell maturation, retention of growth factor, and it's delivery	HBMSC	Functional cell-instructive nanocomposite bio-ink for 3D bone tissue regeneration.	[399]
Sr/GelMA	⁃Enhanced viscosity, excellent shape fidelity, scaffold shape retention, ⁃Improved osteogenic differentiation	hMSC	Extrusion-based 3D bioprinting of permissive cell-laden scaffolds	[405]
κCA/nsi/GelMA (NICE bio-ink)	⁃Excellent printability for complex (taller and higher aspect ratio structures), extensive cell-laden constructs for tissue engineering. ⁃Custom bioprinted scaffolds and tissue-engineered implants of high structural fidelity and mechanical stiffness.	hMSC	Nanoengineered bio-ink for the fabrication of mechanically rigid and elastomeric 3D constructs.	[190]
MSN/BMP-4/GelMA	⁃Satisfactory printability, mechanical stability, and biocompatibility. ⁃Promoted osteogenic differentiation and accelerated bone repair in diabetic bone defects.	BMSC and RAW 264.7	Extrusion-based 3D bioprinted scaffolds for diabetic bone repair.	[411]
HAMA/CNC/GelMA	⁃Reinforced bio-ink with excellent printability ⁃Defines shape and provides satisfactory structural support to the 3D printed constructs.	ATDC5 cells	Cellulose nanocrystal reinforced bio-ink for improved structural Integration	[430]
PLGA NF/GelMA	⁃Bio-ink with improved viscosity ⁃Supports fibroblast proliferation	NIH3T3 cells	Nanofiber fragment reinforced bio-ink for 3D bioprinting.	[437]
DECM/nanoclay /GelMA	⁃3D scaffolds with better printability and biocompatibility	Primary hepatocytes	Better organ-specific biomaterial ink for primary hepatocytes cultivation	[426]