Fig. 8.

Immunoregulatory antibacterial effect of macrophages in high Mg²⁺ environment caused by degradation of the 3D-printed JDBM implant. Relative mRNA expression levels of a) TNF-α, b) iNOS, and c) Arg-1 genes. Cytokine concentration of d) TNF-α and e) iNOS determined by ELISA. f) Evaluation of macrophage polarization markers CD86 and CD206 by flow cytometry. g) Fluorescence staining (blue arrows) of MRSA phagocytosis. h) Representative images of phagocytosed MRSA detected by spread plate analysis. i) Quantification of phagocytosed MRSA, colony number. *p < 0.05.