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. 2021 Sep 8;18(10):2293–2306. doi: 10.1038/s41423-021-00752-2

Table 1.

Representative human neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (nAbs) against SARS-CoV-2

Name Binding affinity Neutralization against SARS-CoV-2 infection Protection from wild-type SARS-CoV-2 infection References
nAbs targeting the NTD of SARS-CoV-2

4-8

5-7

2-17

4-18

5-24

 Bound to SARS-CoV-2 S trimer and NTD proteins Neutralized infection by wild-type pseudotyped (IC50 ≤ 168 ng/ml) and live (IC50 ≤ 33 ng/ml) SARS-CoV-2 N/A [44]
4A8 Bound to SARS-CoV-2 S (KD 0.996 nM) and S1 (KD 92.7 nM) proteins Neutralized infection by wild-type pseudotyped (EC50 49 μg/ml) and live (EC50 0.61 μg/ml) SARS-CoV-2 N/A [55]
89C8 Bound to SARS-CoV-2 NTD protein Neutralized pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 infection (IC50 4.5 nM) N/A [61]

S2L28

S2M28

S2X28

S2X333

 Bound to SARS-CoV-2 and bat RaTG13 S protein NTDs (EC50 < 100 ng/ml); binding to SARS-CoV-2 NTD escape or natural mutants was reduced Neutralized infection by wild-type pseudotyped (IC50 < 50 ng/ml) and live SARS-CoV-2 (IC50 2–29 ng/ml); neutralization of mutant SARS-CoV-2 was reduced; neutralized bat RaTG13 pseudovirus infection Prophylactically protected hamsters from SARS-CoV-2 challenge (for S2X333), with reduced viral replication and/or titers in the lung [41]

COV2-2489

COV2-2676

 Bound to a common antigenic site in the SARS-CoV-2 NTD Neutralized infection by wild-type pseudotyped (IC50 38 or 58 ng/ml) and live (IC50 501 or 199 ng/ml) SARS-CoV-2 Prophylactically and therapeutically protected hACE2-Tg mice from SARS-CoV-2 infection, with reduced weight loss, viral titers, cytokine levels, or chemokine levels [42, 54]
nAbs targeting the RBD of SARS-CoV-2

P5A-1B8

P5A-1B9

P5A-2G7

P5A-3C12

 Bound to the SARS-CoV-2 RBD (KD 0.75–3.55 nM), competing with ACE2 binding Neutralized infection by wild-type pseudotyped (IC50 0.01–0.66 nM) and live (IC50 0.03–1.76 nM) SARS-CoV-2 N/A [63]

TAU-2189

TAU-2230

TAU-2303

TAU-1109

 Bound to the SARS-CoV-2 RBD with or without blocking RBD-ACE2 binding Neutralized infection by wild-type pseudotyped (IC50 0.05–1.05 μg/ml) and live (IC50 10 μg/ml) SARS-CoV-2 N/A [45]

MD45

MD47

MD62

MD65

MD67

 Bound to SARS-CoV-2 S, S1, and the RBD (KD 0.5–5.8 nM) with or without blocking RBD-ACE2 binding Neutralized infection of wild-type live (IC50 0.22–13 μg/ml) SARS-CoV-2 N/A [48]

COVA1-18

COVA2-15

 Bound to SARS-CoV-2 S and the RBD, competing with ACE2 binding Neutralized infection of wild-type pseudotyped (IC50 8 ng/ml) and live (IC50 ≤ 9 ng/ml) SARS-CoV-2 N/A [43]
IgG1 ab1 Bound to SARS-CoV-2 S, S1, and the RBD (KD 0.16 nM), competing the binding of the RBD with ACE2 Neutralized infection of wild-type pseudotyped (IC50 200 ng/ml) and live (IC50 100 ng/ml) SARS-CoV-2 Prophylactically and/or therapeutically protected wild-type mice from mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 infection or hACE2-Tg mice and hamsters from wild-type SARS-CoV-2 infection, with reduced viral titers or replication in the lung, nasal washes, and oral swabs (for hamsters) [59]

COV2-2196

COV2-2130

COV2-2381

 Bound to SARS-CoV-2 S trimer and the RBD (EC50 0.1–10 ng/ml), fully blocking RBD-ACE2 binding Neutralized infection by wild-type pseudotyped (IC50 ≤ 110 ng/ml) and live (IC50 ≤ 107 ng/ml) SARS-CoV-2, showing synergistic effects (for COV2-2196 and COV2-2130) Prophylactically and/or therapeutically protected AdV-hACE2-transduced mice from SARS-CoV-2 infection or wild-type mice from mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 infection, with reduced weight loss, viral replication or inflammation; prophylactically protected NHPs from SARS-CoV-2 replication [42, 75]
CV07-209 Bound to the SARS-CoV-2 RBD (KD 0.006 nM; EC50 4.1 ng/ml), blocking RBD-ACE2 attachment Neutralized infection by wild-type live SARS-CoV-2 (IC50 3.1 ng/ml) Prophylactically and therapeutically protected hamsters from SARS-CoV-2 infection, preventing weight loss and lung pathology [64]

CC6.29

CC6.30

CC12.1

 Bound to SARS-CoV-2 S and the RBD, competing with ACE2 binding Neutralized infection by wild-type (IC50 1–19 ng/ml) or V367F, G476S, and D614G variants of pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 CC12.1 prophylactically protected hamsters from SARS-CoV-2 challenge, with reduced weight loss and viral loads [73]

2-4

2-7

1-20

1-57

2-15

 Bound to the SARS-CoV-2 S trimer and RBD proteins Neutralized infection by wild-type pseudotyped (IC50 ≤ 394 ng/ml) and live (IC50 ≤ 57 ng/ml) SARS-CoV-2 Prophylactically protected hamsters from SARS-CoV-2 infection, with reduced viral titers and replication in the lung [44]

J08

I14

F05

G12

C14

B07

 Bound to the SARS-CoV-2 S trimer, S1, and RBD proteins with high potency Neutralized infection by wild-type, D614G, and B.1.1.7. variants (IC50 3.9–157.5 ng/ml) of live SARS-CoV-2 An Fc-engineered version of J08 (J08-MUT) prophylactically and therapeutically protected hamsters from SARS-CoV-2 infection in a dose-dependent manner, without weight loss or with reduced weight loss or viral titers in the lung [62]
MV05 Bound to prototypic (KD 0.403 nM) and mutant SARS-CoV-2 RBDs, disrupting RBD-ACE2 binding Neutralized infection by wild-type pseudotyped (IC50 0.03 μg/ml) and live (IC50 1 μg/ml) SARS-CoV-2 An Fc-engineered version (MV05/LALA) prophylactically and therapeutically protected NHPs from SARS-CoV-2 infection, preventing weight loss and viral replication [74]
CB6 Bound to the SARS-CoV-2 RBD (KD 2.49 nM), blocking its binding with ACE2 Neutralized infection by wild-type pseudotyped (IC50 23 ng/ml) and live (IC50 36 ng/ml) SARS-CoV-2 An Fc-engineered version (CB6(LALA)) prophylactically and therapeutically protected NHPs from SARS-CoV-2 infection, with reduced viral titers and limited lung damage [65]
CT-P59 Bound to the SARS-CoV-2 RBD (KD 0.027 nM) protein, completely blocking its binding with ACE2 Neutralized infection by wild-type (IC50 8.4 ng/ml) and D614G variant (IC50 5.7 ng/ml) live SARS-CoV-2 Therapeutically protected ferrets, hamsters, and NHPs from SARS-CoV-2 infection, with reduced viral titers and clinical symptoms [47]
nAbs targeting other regions of the S protein or S trimer of SARS-CoV-2

2-43

2-51

 Bound to SARS-CoV-2 non-NTD and non-RBD S protein regions Neutralized infection by wild-type pseudotyped (IC50 71 or 652 ng/ml) and live SARS-CoV-2 (IC50 3 or 7 ng/ml) N/A [44]

I21

J13

D14

 Bound to SARS-CoV-2 non-RBD S1 protein region Neutralized infection by wild-type, D614G, and/or B.1.1.7 (IC50 99.2–500 ng/ml) variants of live SARS-CoV-2 N/A [62]

0304-3H3

9A1

 Bound to SARS-CoV-2 S (KD ≤ 2.14 nM) and S2 (KD ≤ 4.52 nM) proteins Showed moderate-to-no neutralization against infection by wild-type pseudotyped or live SARS-CoV-2 N/A [55]
L19 Bound to SARS-CoV-2 S trimer and S2 proteins Showed low neutralization potency against infection by wild-type (19.8 μg/ml), D614G (IC50 12.5 μg/ml), and B.1.1.7 (9.9 μg/ml) variants of live SARS-CoV-2 N/A [62]

H20

I15

F10

F20

 Bound to SARS-CoV-2 S trimer with low affinity Showed moderate neutralization potency (IC50 155–492.2 ng/ml) against infection by wild-type and D614G mutant live SARS-CoV-2 N/A [62]
Multimeric nAbs targeting multiple SARS-CoV-2 proteins
89C8-ACE2 Bound to SARS-CoV-2 NTD and RBD proteins Inhibited S1–ACE2 interaction, preventing infection by wild-type pseudotyped (IC50 29 nM) and live (1.7 nM) SARS-CoV-2 N/A [61]

ACE2 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, AdV-hACE2 adenovirus-expressing hACE2, EC50 half-maximal effective concentration, hACE2-Tg human ACE2 transgenic, IC50 half-maximal inhibitory concentration, KD equilibrium dissociation constant, nAb neutralizing monoclonal antibody, NHP nonhuman primate, NTD N-terminal domain, RBD receptor-binding domain