Table 3.
Unadjusted and adjusted linear regression for the associations between lifetime trauma (exposure) and PBQ (outcome).
| Exposure | Unadjusted regression model | Adjusted regression model | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B-coefficient | 95% CI | p-value | B-coefficient | 95% CI | p-value | |
| Lifetime trauma | -0.62 | -2.13 – 0.90 | 0.423 | -0.77 | -2.36 – 0.82 | 0.343 |
| Depressive symptoms (EPDS)*,** | 0.24 | 0.13 – 0.36 | <0.001* | 0.33 | 0.17 – 0.50 | <0.001** |
| Posttraumatic symptoms severity (PDS®) | 0.02 | -0.07 – 0.11 | 0.592 | 0.02 | -0.12 – 0.17 | 0.772 |
| Maternal Age | 0.05 | -0.08 – 0.18 | 0.422 | 0.67 | -0.89 – 2.22 | 0.400 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| White | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Black African/Caribbean or black British* | -3.21 | -4.76 – -1.65 | <0.001* | -1.49 | -3.11– 0.13 | 0.071 |
| Asian/Asian British* | 3.99 | 0.51 – 7.47 | 0.025* | -1.20 | -3.64 – 1.25 | 0.337 |
| Mixed/Multiple ethnic groups | -0.37 | -3.94 – 3.20 | 0.840 | 0.72 | -2.20 – 3.65 | 0.629 |
| Arab/Other ethnicity | -2.11 | -5.02 – 0.81 | 0.156 | 1.00 | -2.23 – 4.06 | 0.567 |
| Education | ||||||
| None/School qualifications | Reference | Reference | ||||
| College/Diploma/ Higher certificate/ Training | 1.68 | -0.79 – 4.16 | 0.182 | 0.03 | -3.01 – 3.07 | 0.987 |
| University degree/ Postgraduate* | 3.36 | 0.97 – 5.74 | 0.006* | 1.27 | -1.82 – 4.35 | 0.421 |
| Unemployed/Unable to work | 0.03 | -1.83 – 1.89 | 0.977 | -0.99 | -3.15 – 1.17 | 0.368 |
| In a relationshipa | -0.62 | -2.83 – 1.59 | 0.582 | 1.02 | -2.25 – 4.29 | 0.541 |
| Has previous children* | -1.76 | -3.15 – -0.36 | 0.014* | -0.87 | -2.32 – 0.57 | 0.263 |
| Male infant | -0.17 | -1.58 – 1.25 | 0.819 | -0.38 | -1.78 – 1.01 | 0.591 |
| Infant GA at birth | -0.09 | -0.43 – 0.26 | 0.622 | -0.26 | -0.59 – 0.08 | 0.131 |
| Unplanned pregnancy | -0.96 | -2.46 – 0.54 | 0.210 | -0.28 | -1.98 – 1.41 | 0.744 |
The results of the unadjusted and adjusted linear regressions to assess for association between lifetime trauma experience and postpartum bonding questionnaire (PBQ) score.
Note: EPDS, Edinburgh postpartum bonding questionnaire. GA, gestational age. PBQ, postpartum bonding questionnaire. PDS®, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale. 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.
* p-value <0.05 thus significant for unadjusted regression.
** p-value <0.05 thus significant for adjusted regression.
a. In a relationship = In a relationship, cohabiting or married.