FIGURE 2.

Estimated mean cognitive trajectories (with 95% confidence intervals [CIs]) over the years since baseline for intervention group participants (those who undertook university study) and the comparison group (those who did not), holding prior cognitive reserve (CR) as the mean value. Panels show expected trajectories for participants at 55, 65, and 75 years of age at entry into the study. Re‐test practice effects are most evident in the panel showing expected trajectories for someone entering the study at age 55. Older participants benefited from re‐test practice effects the least and appeared to gain the most from later‐life university education. The model decomposes age and re‐test time (in years since first assessment) as separate effects, so estimated trajectories are quadratic