Table 1.
LncRNAs in the regulation of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway
| LncRNA | Cancer | Functions | Sponge miRNA | Targets | PD-1/PD-L1 | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SNHG14 | DLBCL | Promotes tumorigenesis and immune evasion | miR-5590-3p | ZEB1 | Activates PD-1/PD-L1 | [61] |
| MALAT1 | Promotes tumorigenesis and immune escape, inactivates CD8 + T cells | miR-195 | N/S | Increases PD-L1 | [62] | |
| EMX2OS | OC | Promotes tumorigenesis | miR-654 | AKT3 | Increases PD-L1 | [65] |
| HOTTIP | Promotes immune escape and inactivates T cell immunity | N/S | c-Jun | Increases PD-L1 | [67] | |
| SNHG12 | Promotes immune escape | miR-21 | IL-6 | Increases PD-L1 | [68] | |
| Lnc-OC1 | EC | Promote tumorigenesis | miR-34a | N/S | Increases PD-L1 | [69] |
| MEG3 | EC | Inhibits tumorigenesis | miR-216a | N/S | Increases PD-L1 | [70] |
| BCAR4 | CC | Regulates the response to lapatinib | N/S | N/S | Increases PD-L1, PD-L2 | [111] |
| SNHG15 | GC | Promotes tumorigenesis and immune escape | miR-141 | N/S | Increases PD-L1 | [73] |
| HIF1A-AS2 | Promotes tumorigenesis and immune escape | miR-429 | N/S | Increases PD-L1 | [75] | |
| NUTM2A-AS1 | Promotes tumorigenesis, immune escape and drug resistance | miR-376a | TET1, HIF-1A | Increases PD-L1 | [74] | |
| MIAT | HCC | Promotes immune escape, regulate sensitivity to sorafenib | N/S | AK2, SLC6A6, KCND1, MEIS3, RIN1 | Increases PD-1, PD-L1 and CTLA4 | [79] |
| CASC11 | Promotes cell proliferation, mobility, and glucose metabolism | N/S | NF-κB, PI3K/AKT/mTOR | Increases PD-L1 | [80] | |
| PCED1B-AS1 | Promotes immune escape, inactivates receipt T cells and macrophages | hsa-mir-194-5p | N/S | Increases PD-L1, PD-L2 | [77] | |
| RP11-424C20.2I | Promotes immune escape | miR-378a-3p | UHRF1 | Increases CLTA-4, PD-L1 | [81] | |
| XIST | miR-194-5p, miR-155-5p | N/S | Increases PD-L1 | [83] | ||
| KCNQ1OT1 | Promotes sorafenib resistance and immune escape | miR-506 | N/S | Increases PD-L1 | [82] | |
| PMSB8-AS1 | PC | Promotes proliferation, invasion, and migration | miR-382-3p | STAT1 | Increases PD-L1 | [84] |
| INC00473 | Induces cancer progression and inactivate CD8+ T cells | miR-195-5p | Bax, IFN-γ, IL-4; Bcl-2, MMP-2, MMP-9, IL-10 | Increases PD-L1 | [85] | |
| MIR17HG | CRC | Promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis | miR-375 | NF-κB/RELA | Increases PD-L1 | [110] |
| lncRNA C5orf64 | LAD | N/S | N/S | Increases PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, and immune cells | [86] | |
| FGD5-AS1 | Promotes tumorigenesis and resistance to cisplatin | miR-142 | N/S | Increases PD-L1 | [87] | |
| NKX2-1-AS1 | Inhibits cell migration | N/S | NKX2-1, cell adhesion molecules | Decreases PD-L1 | [88] | |
| MALAT1 | NSCLC | Promotes cancer progression | miR-200a-3p | N/S | Increases PD-L1 | [89] |
| ZFPM2-AS1 | Promotes tumorigenesis | N/S | ZFPM2, JAK-STAT, Akt | Increases PD-L1 | [90] | |
| lncAMPC | PCa | Promotes malignant progression and immunosuppression | miR-637 | Jak1-STAT3,LIF/LIFR | Increases PD-L1 | [92] |
| KCNQ1OT1 | Promotes malignant progression and inactivate CD8 + T cells | miR-15a | N/S | Increases PD-L1 | [91] | |
| UCA1 | BLC | Promotes tumor progression, activate DCs and cytokines | Decreases PD-L1 | [93] | ||
| GATA3-AS1 | TNBC | Promotes cell progression and immune evasion | miR-676-3p | COPS5 | Increases PD-L1, decreases GATA3 | [97] |
| LINK-A | TNBC | Resistant to PD-1 blockade | PLC, Rb, p53 | [96] | ||
| TCL6 | BC | Promotes immune cell infiltration, related to poor survival | N/S | N/S | Increases PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, CTLA-4 | [98] |
| RP11-424C20.2 | Thy | Indicates a better prognosis regulate infiltrating immune cell | miR-378a-3p | UHRF1 | CLTA-4 and PD-L1 | [81] |
| XLOC_003810 | MG-T | promotes T cell activation | inhibits PD-1/PD-L1 | [99] | ||
| INCR1 | Inhibits immune responses | IFN gamma signaling | Increases PD-L1 | [101] | ||
| AC131097.3 | HNSCC | Promotes carcinogenesis | DNA methylation | Increases PD-1 | [102] | |
| lncMX1-215 | Inhibits immune escape, cell proliferation and metastasis | H3K27 acetylation | Decreases PD-L1 | [103] | ||
| AFAP1-AS1 | NPC | Metastasis and poor prognosis | [104] | |||
| HOXA-AS2 | Promotes cell proliferation, invasion, migration | miR-519 | HIF-1α | Increase PD-L1 | [105] | |
| SNHG20 | ESCC | Promotes cell proliferation, migration, invasion, EMT | N/S | ATM/JAK | Increase PD-L1 | [107] |
| RP11-571M6.8 | GBM | Promotes immune evasion, indicates a poor survival | N/S | N/S | PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4 | [112] |
| UCA1 | ATC | Inactivates cytotoxic CD8 + T cells, inhibit cytokine secretion | miR-148a | N/S | Increase PD-L1 | [109] |
BC Breast cancer, BLC Bladder cancer, DLBCL Diffuse large B cell lymphoma, CC Cervical cancer, CRC Colorectal cancer, OC Ovarian cancer, ZEB1 Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1, EC Endometrial cancer, GBM Glioblastoma multiforme, PC Pancreatic cancer, LAD Lung adenocarcinoma, MG-T Myasthenia gravis-related thymoma, THY Thymomas, TNBC Triple-negative breast cancer, MG-T Myasthenia gravis-related thymoma, HNSCC Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma