Table 1.
Socio-demographic characteristics of sexually active females in two communities in Ibadan, Nigeria
| Variable | Total N = 310 | Mokola N = 157 | Moniya/Sasa N = 153 | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (% column) | N (%column) | n (% column) | ||
| Socio-demographic factors (level 1) | ||||
| Age, years | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 29 (7) | 28 (7) | 29 (8) | 0.481 |
| Age group, years | ||||
| 18–24 | 121 (39%) | 61 (39%) | 60 (39%) | |
| 25–34 | 101 (33%) | 60 (38%) | 41 (27%) | 0.040 |
| 35–45 | 67 (28%) | 36 (23%) | 52 (33%) | |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Yoruba | 240 (77%) | 95 (61%) | 145 (95%) | |
| Hausa/Fulani | 37 (12%) | 33 (21%) | 4 (2%) | |
| Igbo | 19 (6%) | 16 (10%) | 3 (2%) | < 0.001 |
| Others ethnic minorities | 13 (4%) | 13 (8%) | 1 (1%) | |
| Religion | ||||
| Christianity | 140 (45%) | 91 (58%) | 49 (32%) | |
| Islam | 168 (54%) | 64 (41%) | 104 (68%) | < 0.001 |
| Traditional | 2 (1%) | 2 (1%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Highest education level | ||||
| No formal education | 6 (2%) | 2 (1%) | 4 (3%) | |
| Primary | 56 (18%) | 26 (16%) | 30 (20%) | 0.403 |
| Secondary | 176 (57%) | 87 (55%) | 89 (58%) | |
| Tertiary | 72 (23%) | 42 (27%) | 30 (20%) | |
| Quranic education | ||||
| No | 197 (64%) | 98 (62%) | 99 (65%) | 0.676 |
| Yes | 113 (36%) | 59 (38%) | 54 (35%) | |
| Occupation | ||||
| No current paid job (e.g. student, housewife) | 54 (17%) | 36 (23%) | 18 (12%) | |
| Unskilled worker (e.g. office assistant) | 18 (6%) | 9 (6%) | 9 (6%) | 0.066 |
| Semi-skilled worker (e.g. driver, tailor) | 218 (70%) | 104 (66%) | 114 (75%) | |
| Skilled worker (e.g. teacher, technician, doctor) | 20 (7%) | 8 (5%) | 12 (8%) | |
| Income per month | ||||
| No income | 35 (11%) | 17 (11%) | 18 (12%) | |
| 1–10,000 N (1–28USD) | 126 (41%) | 106 (67%) | 105 (68%) | 0.951 |
| 10,001–20,000 N (> 28–56USD) | 85 (27%) | 26 (17%) | 24 (16%) | |
| > 20,000 N (> 56USD) | 64 (21%) | 8 (5%) | 6 (4%) | |
| Current marital status | ||||
| Single and Living alone | 82 (27%) | 59 (38%) | 23 (15%) | |
| Married and living as married | 212 (68%) | 89 (57%) | 123 (80%) | |
| Divorced/widowed/separated and living alone | 16 (5%) | 9 (6%) | 7 (5%) | < 0.001 |
| Items personally owned by participant | ||||
| Mobile phone | 265 (85%) | 124 (79%) | 141 (92%) | 0.001 |
| Television | 161 (62% | 39 (25%) | 122 (80%) | < 0.001 |
| Radio | 124 (40%) | 26 (17%) | 98 (64%) | < 0.001 |
| Generator | 77 (25%) | 16 (10%) | 61 (40%) | < 0.001 |
| House | 14 (5%) | 1 (1%) | 13 (9%) | 0.001 |
| Behavioural factors (Level 2) | ||||
| Age at first vaginal sex1, years | ||||
| ≤ 18 | 133 (44%) | 73 (48%) | 60 (39%) | |
| 19–21 | 106 (35%) | 47 (31%) | 59 (39%) | 0.324 |
| 22–24 | 39 (13%) | 21 (14%) | 18 (12%) | |
| ≥ 25 | 26 (9%) | 11 (7%) | 15 (10%) | |
| Age of first vaginal sex partner2, years | ||||
| Mean (SD) = 274 | 19 (3) | 19 (3) | 20 (3) | 0.779 |
| Age difference between first vaginal sex partner and participant, years3 | 0.808 | |||
| ≤ 5 | 139 (51%) | 69 (50%) | 70 (51%) | |
| ≥ 6 | 135 (49%) | 69 (50%) | 66 (49%) | |
| Number of lifetime partners for vaginal sex | < 0.001 | |||
| Number of vaginal sex partners (mean (SD)) | 1.90 (1.41) | 2.21 (1.75) | 1.59 (0.82) | |
| Number of lifetime partners for vaginal sex | ||||
| Single vaginal partner | 163 (53%) | 73 (47%) | 90 (59%) | 0.030 |
| Multiple vaginal sex partners (≥ 2) | 147 (47%) | 84 (53%) | 63 (41%) | |
| Ever cleansed inside vagina4 | ||||
| No | 36 (12%) | 33 (21%) | 3 (2%) | < 0.001 |
| Yes | 274 (88%) | 124 (79%) | 150 (98%) | |
| Condom use during last vaginal sex | ||||
| No | 254 (82%) | 119 (76%) | 135 (88%) | 0.004 |
| Yes | 56 (18%) | 38 (24%) | 18 (12%) | |
| Ever gave oral sex to a male partner | ||||
| No | 275 (89%) | 132 (84%) | 143 (93%) | 0.009 |
| Yes | 35 (11%) | 25 (16%) | 10 (7%) | |
| Ever received oral sex from a male partner | 274 (88%) | 131 (83%) | 143 (93%) | |
| No | 36 (12%) | 26 (17%) | 10 (7%) | 0.006 |
| Yes | ||||
| Ever had transactional sex | ||||
| No | 291 (94%) | 145 (92%) | 146 (95%) | 0.260 |
| Yes | 19 (6%) | 12 (8%) | 7 (5%) | |
| Ever had mutual masturbation5 | ||||
| No | 76 (25%) | 20 (13%) | 56 (37%) | < 0.001 |
| Yes | 234 (75%) | 137 (87%) | 97 (63%) | |
| Female genital mutilation6 | ||||
| No | 144 (46%) | 85 (54%) | 59 (39%) | 0.006 |
| Yes | 166 (54%) | 72 (46%) | 94 (61%) | |
| Ever drank alcohol | ||||
| No | 226 (73%) | 90 (57%) | 136 (89%) | < 0.001 |
| Yes | 84 (27%) | 67 (43%) | 17 (11%) | |
| Ever taken any illicit drugs7 | ||||
| No | 307 (99%) | 154 (98%) | 153 (100%) | 0.2484 |
| Yes | 3 (1%) | 3 (2%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Ever had an STI | ||||
| No | 267 (86%) | 129 (82%) | 138 (90%) | 0.041 |
| Yes | 43 (14%) | 28 (18%) | 15 (10%) | |
| Ever heard of HPV | ||||
| No | 287 (93%) | 149 (95%) | 138 (90%) | 0.114 |
| Yes | 23 (7%) | 8 (5%) | 15 (10%) | |
| Biological factors (Level 3) | ||||
| Cervical HPV infection8 | 0.413 | |||
| No | 123 (40%) | 59 (38%) | 64 (43%) | |
| Yes | 182 (60%) | 96 (62%) | 86 (57%) | |
| Vulvar HPV infection | 0.941 | |||
| No | 99 (32%) | 50 (32%) | 49 (32%) | |
| Yes | 210 (68%) | 107 (68%) | 103 (68%) | |
| Anal HPV infection9 | 0.010 | |||
| No | 131 (43%) | 55 (36%) | 76 (51%) | |
| Yes | 172 (57%) | 98 (64%) | 74 (49%) | |
| Oral HPV infection10 | 0.004 | |||
| No | 240 (84%) | 111 (78%) | 129 (90%) | |
| Yes | 46 (16%) | 32 (22%) | 14 (10%) | |
16 missing; 236 missing; 3 N = 269—36 participants did not provide information to calculate the age difference between first vaginal sex partner and participant; 4Cleansing of vagina was defined as using water or another substance to clean inside vagina by inserting half or whole finger; 5Mutual masturbation question was ‘have you or your partner ever touched each other’s genital area by hand? (Yes or No); 6Female genital mutilation was based on the clinical examination of the female external genitalia for evidence of genital circumcision by the research nurse at the clinic (Yes or No); 7Illicit drugs are banned substances or drugs taken by participants for non-medical reasons in Nigeria; 8 N = 305—four participants did not have cervical HPV results; 9 N = 298-seven participants did not have anal HPV results; 10 N = 281–24 participants did not have oral HPV results