Table 3.
Descriptive summaries and unadjusted factors associated with cervical, vulvar, anal and oral human papillomavirus infection among sexually active women from the general population in two communities in Ibadan, Nigeria
| Variable | Cervical | Vulvar | Anal | Oral | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n/N (row, %) | P value1 Crude OR (95%CI) | n/N (row, %) | p value1 Crude OR (95%CI) | n/N (row, %) | p value1 Crude OR (95%CI) | n/N (row, %) | p value1 Crude OR (95%CI) | |
| Socio-demographic factors | ||||||||
| Study site | p = 0.413 | p = 0.942 | p = 0.010 | p = 0.003 | ||||
| Mokola | 96/155 (62%) | 1 | 107/157 (68%) | 1 | 98/153 (64%) | 1 | 32/143 (23%) | 1 |
| Moniya/Sasa | 86/150 (57%) | 0.83 (0.52–1.31) | 103/152 (68%) | 0.98 (0.61–1.58) | 74/150 (49%) | 0.55 (0.35–0.87) | 14/143 (10%) | 0.38 (0.19–0.74) |
| Age group, years | p = 0.015 | p = 0.525 | p = 0.122 | p = 0.664 | ||||
| 18–24 | 79/118 (67%) | 1 | 86/121 (71%) | 1 | 74/120 (62%) | 1 | 20/111 (18%) | 1 |
| 25–34 | 62/100 (58%) | 0.81 (0.46–1.41) | 68/100 (68%) | 0.86 (0.49–1.54) | 57/97 (59%) | 0.89 (0.51–1.53) | 15/92 (16%) | 0.89 (0.43–1.85) |
| 35–45 | 41/87 (47%) | 0.44 (0.25–0.78) | 56/88 (61%) | 0.71 (0.40–1.28) | 41/86 (48%) | 0.57 (0.32–0.99) | 11/83 (13%) | 0.70 (0.31–1.54) |
| Ethnicity | p = 0.175 | p = 0.676 | p = 0.612 | p = 0.786 | ||||
| Yoruba | 136/236 (58%) | 1 | 161/239 (67%) | 1 | 131/234 (56%) | 1 | 35/222 (16%) | 1 |
| Others2 | 46/69 (67%) | 1.47 (0.84–2.58) | 49/70 (70%) | 1.13 (0.63–2.02) | 41/69 (59%) | 1.15 (0.67–1.99) | 11/64 (17%) | 1.11 (0.53–2.33) |
| Religion | p = 0.840 | p = 0.541 | p = 0.451 | p = 0.678 | ||||
| Christianity/traditional | 85/141 (60%) | 1 | 99/142 (70%) | 1 | 81/137 (59%) | 1 | 23/135 (17%) | 1 |
| Islam | 97/164 (59%) | 0.95 (0.60–1.51) | 111/167 (66%) | 0.86 (0.53–1.39) | 91/166 (55%) | 0.84 (0.53–1.33) | 23/151 (15%) | 0.88 (0.47–1.64) |
| Highest education level | p = 0.104 | p = 0.749 | p = 0.269 | p = 0.866 | ||||
| None/primary | 32/62 (52%) | 1 | 41/62 (66%) | 1 | 29/61 (48%) | 1 | 8/57 (14%) | 1 |
| Secondary | 111/171 (65%) | 1.73 (0.96–3.13) | 122/175 (70%) | 1.18 (0.64–2.18) | 101/171 (59%) | 1.59 (0.88–2.87) | 28/165 (17%) | 1.25 (0.53–2.93) |
| Tertiary | 39/72 (54%) | 1.11 (0.56–2.19) | 47/72 (65%) | 0.96 (0.47–1.97) | 42/71 (59%) | 1.60 (0.80–3.19) | 10/64 (16%) | 1.13 (0.41–3.10) |
| Quranic education | p = 0.954 | p = 0.840 | p = 0.998 | p = 0.842 | ||||
| No | 116/194 (60%) | 1 | 134/196 (68%) | 1 | 109/192 (57%) | 1 | 29/184 (16%) | 1 |
| Yes | 66/111 (59%) | 0.99 (0.61–1.59) | 76/113 (67%) | 0.95 (0.58–1.56) | 63/111 (57%) | 1.00 (0.62–1.60) | 17/102 (17%) | 1.07 (0.56–2.06) |
| Occupation | p = 0.409 | p = 0.791 | p = 0.121 | p = 0.935 | ||||
| No current paid job3 | 33/52 (63%) | 1 | 39/54 (72%) | 1 | 37/54 (69%) | 1 | 9/50 (18%) | 1 |
| Unskilled worker | 9/18 (50%) | 0.58 (0.19–1.70) | 12/18 (67%) | 0.77 (0.24–2.42) | 11/18 (61%) | 0.72 (0.24–2.19) | 3/17 (18%) | 0.98 (0.23–4.12) |
| Semi-skilled worker | 131/215 (61%) | 0.90 (0.48–1.68) | 147/217 (68%) | 0.81 (0.42–1.56) | 116/211 (55%) | 0.56 (0.30–1.06) | 32/202 (16%) | 0.86 (0.38–1.94) |
| Skilled worker | 9/20 (45%) | 0.47 (0.17–1.34) | 12/20 (60%) | 0.58 (0.20–1.69) | 8/20 (40%) | 0.31 (0.11–0.89) | 2/17 (12%) | 0.61 (0.12–3.14) |
| Income per month4 | p = 0.407 | p = 0.207 | p = 0.070 | p = 0.556 | ||||
| No income | 19/33 (58%) | 1 | 24/35 (69%) | 1 | 23/35 (66%) | 1 | 6/34 (18%) | 1 |
| 1–10,000 N (1–28USD) | 124/209 (59%) | 1.07 (0.51–2.26) | 79/125 (65%) | 0.79 (0.35–1.75) | 67/122 (55%) | 0.64 (0.29–1.39) | 16/112 (14%) | 0.78 (0.28–2.18) |
| 10,001–20,000 N (> 28–56USD) | 33/49 (67%) | 1.52 (0.61–3.79) | 57/85 (86%) | 0.93 (0.40–2.17) | 39/82 (48%) | 0.47 (0.21–1.08) | 16/77 (21%) | 1.22 (0.43–3.46) |
| > 20,000 N (> 56USD) | 6/24 (43%) | 0.55 (0.16–1.96) | 50/64 (50%) | 1.64 (0.65–4.14) | 43/64 (67%) | 1.07 (0.45–2.55) | 8/63 (13%) | 0.68 (0.21–2.15) |
| Current marital status | p = 0.107 | p = 0.040 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.323 | ||||
| Single | 54/79 (68%) | 1 | 63/82 (77%) | 1 | 61/82 (74%) | 1 | 14/75 (19%) | 1 |
| Married | 117/210 (56%) | 0.58 (0.34–1.01) | 134/211 (64%) | 0.52 (0.29–0.94) | 104/206 (50%) | 0.35 (0.20–0.62) | 28/197 (14%) | 0.72 (0.36–1.46) |
| Divorced/widowed/separated5 | 11/16 (69%) | 1.02 (0.32–3.24) | 13 (81%) | 1.31 (0.34–5.07) | 7/15 (47%) | 0.30 (0.10–0.93) | 4/14 (29%) | 1.74 (0.48–6.38) |
| Behavioural factors | ||||||||
| Age at first vaginal sex6, years | p = 0.642 | p = 0.612 | p = 0.255 | p = 0.082 | ||||
| ≤ 15 | 20/32 (63%) | 1 | 25/33 (76%) | 1 | 23/33 (70%) | 1 | 3/31 (20%) | 1 |
| 16–17 | 26/42 (62%) | 0.98 (0.38–2.52) | 28/42 (67%) | 0.64 (0.23–1.78) | 22/42 (52%) | 0.48 (0.18–1.25) | 11/39 (15%) | 3.67 (0.92–14.57) |
| ≥ 18 | 133/225 (59%) | 0.87 (0.40–1.86) | 154/228 (68%) | 0.67 (0.29–1.55) | 124/222 (56%) | 0.55 (0.25–1.21) | 31/211 (12%) | 0.55 (0.14–2.09) |
| Age difference between first vaginal sex partner and participant, years7 | p = 0.232 | p = 0.002 | p = 0.005 | p = 0.617 | ||||
| ≤ 5 | 87/137 (64%) | 1 | 106/139 (76%) | 1 | 91/138 (66%) | 1 | 24/134 (18%) | 1 |
| ≥ 6 | 71/132 (54%) | 0.67 (0.41–1.09) | 79/134 (59%) | 0.45 (0.27–0.75) | 63/129 (46%) | 0.49 (0.30–0.81) | 19/122 (16%) | 0.85 (0.44–1.63) |
| Number of vaginal sex partners | p = 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.198 | ||||
| (Mean (SD)) | 1.91 (1.41) | 1.46 (1.16–1.84) | 1.91 (1.41) | 1.59 (1.21–2.07) | 1.89 (1.40) | 1.50 (1.19–1.90) | 1.89 (1.43) | 1.14 (0.94–1.38) |
| Ever cleansed inside vagina | p = 0.294 | p = 0.097 | p = 0.876 | p = 0.125 | ||||
| No | 18/35 (51%) | 1 | 20/36 (56%) | 1 | 20/36 (56%) | 1 | 34/235 (14%) | 1 |
| Yes | 164/270 (61%) | 1.46 (0.72–2.96) | 190/273 (70%) | 1.83 (0.90–3.71) | 152/267 (57%) | 1.06 (0.52–2.13) | 12/51 (24%) | 1.82 (0.87–3.82) |
| Condom use at last vaginal sex | p = 0.719 | p = 0.204 | p = 0.508 | p = 0.685 | ||||
| No | 148/250 (59%) | 1 | 168/253 (66%) | 1 | 138/247 (56%) | 1 | 38/242 (16%) | 1 |
| Yes | 34/55 (62%) | 1.12 (0.61–2.03) | 42/56 (75%) | 1.52 (0.79–2.93) | 34/56 (61%) | 1.22 (0.68–2.21) | 8/44 (18%) | 1.19 (0.51–2.77) |
| Ever had oral sex (given/received) | p = 0.008 | p = 0.131 | p = 0.205 | p = 0.410 | ||||
| No | 146/258 (57%) | 1 | 173/261 (66%) | 1 | 142/257 (55%) | 1 | 7/33 (21%) | 1 |
| Yes | 36/47 (77%) | 2.51 (1.22–5.15) | 37/48 (77%) | 1.71 (0.83–3.52) | 30/46 (65%) | 1.52 (0.79–2.92) | 39/253 (15%) | 0.68 (0.27–1.67) |
| Ever had transactional sex | p = 0.748 | p = 0.272 | p = 0.376 | p = 0.2841 | ||||
| No | 170/286 (59%) | 1 | 195/290 (67%) | 1 | 160/285 (56%) | 1 | 42/271 (16%) | 1.98 (0.60–6.52) |
| Yes | 12/19 (63%) | 1.17 (0.45–3.06) | 15/19 (79%) | 1.83 (0.59–5.65) | 12/18 (67%) | 1.56 (0.57–4.28) | 4/15 (27%) | |
| Ever had mutual masturbation | p = 0.130 | p = 0.162 | p = 0.402 | p = 0.875 | ||||
| No | 38/73 (52%) | 1 | 46/75 (61%) | 1 | 40/76 (53%) | 1 | 11/71 (16%) | 1 |
| Yes | 144/232 (62%) | 1.51 (0.89–2.56) | 164/234 (70%) | 1.48 (0.86–2.54) | 132/227 (58%) | 1.25 (0.74–2.10) | 35/215 (16%) | 1.06 (0.51–2.22) |
| Female genital mutilation | p = 0.445 | p = 0.443 | p = 0.938 | p = 0.935 | ||||
| No | 88/142 (62%) | 1 | 101/144 (70%) | 1 | 78/138 (57%) | 1 | 21/129 (16%) | 1 |
| Yes | 94/163 (58%) | 0.84 (0.53–1.32) | 109/165 (66%) | 0.83 (0.51–1.34) | 94/165 (57%) | 1.02 (0.65–1.61) | 25/157 (16%) | 0.97 (0.52–1.84) |
| Ever drank alcohol | p = 0.179 | p = 0.012 | p = 0.003 | p = 0.199 | ||||
| No | 128/223 (57%) | 1 | 144/225 (64%) | 1 | 115/222 (52%) | 1 | 30/209 (14%) | 1 |
| Yes | 54/82 (66%) | 1.43 (0.84–2.43) | 66/84 (79%) | 2.06 (1.15–3.71) | 57/81 (70%) | 2.21 (1.28–3.81) | 16/77 (21%) | 1.57 (0.80–3.07) |
| Ever taken any illicit drugs | p = 0.011 | p = 0.008 | p = 0.010 | p = 0.813 | ||||
| No | 165/285 (58%) | 1 | 190/287 (66%) | 1 | 154/281 (55%) | 1 | 43/265 (16%) | 1 |
| Yes | 17/20 (85%) | 4.12 (1.18–14.38) | 20/22 (91%) | 5.10 (1.17–22.29) | 18/22 (82%) | 3.71 (1.22–11.24) | 3/31 (14%) | 0.86 (0.24–3.05) |
| Ever had an STI | p = 0.381 | p = 0.209 | p = 0.014 | p = 0.286 | ||||
| No | 155/264 (59%) | 1 | 178/267 (68%) | 1 | 141/261 (54%) | 1 | 37/245 (15%) | 1 |
| Yes | 27/41 (66%) | 1.36 (0.68–2.71) | 32/42 (76%) | 1.60 (0.75–3.40) | 31/42 (74%) | 2.40 (1.16–4.98) | 9/41 (22%) | 1.58 (0.70–3.58) |
| Ever heard of HPV | p = 0.039 | p = 0.232 | p = 0.014 | p = 0.890 | ||||
| No | 173/282 (61%) | 1 | 197/286 (69%) | 1 | 165/281 (59%) | 1 | 43/266 (16%) | 1 |
| Yes | 9/23 (39%) | 0.41 (0.17–0.97) | 13/23 (57%) | 0.59 (0.25–1.39) | 7/12 (32%) | 0.33 (0.13–0.83) | 3/20 (15%) | 0.92 (0.26–3.26) |
| Biological factors | ||||||||
| Cervical HPV infection | NA | NA | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | |||
| No | 41/123 (33%) | 1 | 30/121 (25%) | 1 | 7/116 (6%) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 166/182 (91%) | 20.75 (10.99–39.17) | 138/177 (78%) | 10.73 (6.23–18.50) | 38/165 (23%) | 4.66 (2.00–10.86) | ||
| Vulvar HPV infection | p < 0.001 | NA | NA | p < 0.001 | p = 0.016 | |||
| No | 16/98 (16%) | 1 | 15/93 (16%) | 1 | 8/91 (9%) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 166/207 (80%) | 20.75 (10.99–39.17) | 156/209 (75%) | 15.31 (8.11–28.86) | 38/194 (20%) | 2.53 (1.13–5.67) | ||
| Anal HPV infection | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | NA | NA | p < 0.001 | |||
| No | 39/130 (30%) | 1 | 53/131 (40%) | 1 | 10/122 (8%) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 138/168 (82%) | 10.73 (6.23–18.50) | 156/171 (91%) | 15.31 (8.12–28.86) | 36/158 (23%) | 3.30 (1.57–6.97) | ||
| Oral HPV infection | p < 0.001 | p = 0.016 | p < 0.001 | NA | NA | |||
| No | 127/236 (54%) | 1 | 156/239 (65%) | 1 | 122/234 (52%) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 38/45 (84%) | 4.66 (2.00–10.86) | 38/46 (83%) | 2.53 (1.13–5.67) | 36/46 (78%) | 3.30 (1.57–6.97) | ||
Bold indicates p <0.05 or 95% level of statistical significance
1p-values were obtained from Wald tests; 2Hausa/Fulani, Igbo and other minorities; 3Student, apprentice and no job; 4Naira- currency of Nigeria; USD –United States Dollar; 5Living alone; 6 N = 299 -six participants did not provide information on age at first vaginal sex; 7 N = 269—36 participants did not provide information to calculate the age difference between first vaginal sex partner and participant; NA not applicable