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. 2021 Sep 8;14:141. doi: 10.1186/s13045-021-01149-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Biogenesis, content, and surface marker profile of small extracellular vesicles. A Ectosomes are shed from the plasma membrane by outward budding; B (1) Intraluminal vesicles form within endosomes by invagination of the endosomal membrane. Multivesicular bodies (2) fuse with lysosomes to undergo degradation or (3) are directed to the plasma membrane along microtubules. (4) Multivesicular bodies dock at the plasma membrane. (5) Intraluminal vesicles are released into the extracellular space as exosomes upon fusion of multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane; C Content and surface markers of small extracellular vesicles. BSG/SLC3A2 and LAMP1 might represent specific markers for small ectosomes and exosomes, respectively