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. 2021 Sep 8;14:141. doi: 10.1186/s13045-021-01149-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Exosomal ncRNAs as cancer therapeutics and physiological miRNA-mediated gene silencing. A Exosomal siRNAs inhibit the translation of oncogenic proteins by mRNA cleavage; B exosomal anti-miRNAs enable the translation of tumor-suppressive proteins by inhibiting the interaction of mRNA and RISC through (1) binding the untranslated region of mRNA or 2) directly binding the RISC; C exosomal miRNA-mimics inhibit the translation of oncogenic proteins through mRNA cleavage or translational repression. D Physiological miRNA-mediated gene silencing. DGCR8 DiGeorge syndrome critical region 8, pre-miRNA precursor microRNA, pri-miRNA primary microRNA, RISC RNA-induced silencing complex, TRBP transactivation response element RNA-binding protein, XPO5 exportin 5