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. 2021 Sep 8;19:274. doi: 10.1186/s12951-021-01022-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — CD73+ ucMSC-EVs augment M2/M1 polarization via A_2b adenosine receptor activation. A and B BV2 cells are treated with 1 μg/ml LPS in the presence or absence of 30 μg/ml CD73+hucMSC-EVs, and together with 1 μM MRS1706 (A_2bR inhibitor) or 1 μM SCH58261 (A_2aR inhibitor). A Intracellular cAMP levels are measured after 10 min stimulation (n = 5). B PKA protein expression in BV2 cells is detected (n = 3). (*p < 0.05 versus control, #p < 0.05 versus CD73+ hucMSC-EVs) C–F BV2 cells are treated with 1 μg/ml LPS or 5 μg/ml IL-4 in the presence or absence of 30 μg/ml CD73+hucMSC-EVs, and together with the indicated dose of MRS1706 or SCH58261. The iNOS/Arg-1 protein expression in BV2 cells was either investigated. G The mRNA relative expression level of M1 phase is detected, including TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS, and CD86. H The mRNA relative expression level of M2 phase is detected, including arginase 1, IL-10, and CD206. (*p < 0.05 versus LPS/IL-4, #p < 0.05 versus LPS/IL-4 + CD73+hucMSC-EVs, n = 3)