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Target genes, inflammation gene, and apoptosis gene expression by using qPCR. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 6)
**P < 0.01 vs. control group, ##p < 0.01 vs. diabetic group. CON – control, DM – diabetes mellitus, Lvil – low dose of vildagliptin, Hvil – high dose of vildagliptin, Bdnf – brain-derived neurotrophic factor, Ccl2 – C-C motif chemokine ligand 2, Pdk1 – 3-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase-1, IL6 – interleukin 6, Casp3 – caspase 3.
