Table 2.
Bivariate analysis of main exposure and covariates
| Total n = 26 634 (%) | Fruit juice consumption | P value† (P for trend‡) | SSB consumption | P value† (P for trend‡) | ASB consumption | P value† (P for trend‡) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never drink, n = 9652 (%) | <1 per day, n = 14 244 (%) | ≥1 per day, n = 2738 (%) | Never drink, n = 18698 (%) | <1 per day, n = 5757 (%) | ≥1 per day, n = 2179 (%) | Never drink, n = 228 14 (%) | <1 per day, n = 2593 (%) | ≥1 per day, n = 1227 (%) | |||||
| Covariates | |||||||||||||
| Socio‐demographics | |||||||||||||
| Age (years)* | |||||||||||||
| <55 | 10 047 (100) | 27.4 | 59.8 | 12.8 | <0.001 (<0.001) | 63.2 | 26.9 | 9.9 | <0.001 (<0.001) | 83.3 | 11.7 | 5.0 | <0.001 (0.004) |
| 55–65 | 10 886 (100) | 38.2 | 52.0 | 9.8 | 72.5 | 19.9 | 7.6 | 86.3 | 9.1 | 4.6 | |||
| >65 | 5701 (100) | 48.1 | 45.1 | 6.8 | 78.1 | 15.6 | 6.3 | 88.5 | 7.5 | 4.0 | |||
| Sex | |||||||||||||
| Men | 12 509 (100) | 38.0 | 53.4 | 8.6 | <0.001 | 63.9 | 26.2 | 9.9 | <0.001 | 84.2 | 11.0 | 4.7 | <0.001 |
| Women | 14 125 (100) | 34.7 | 53.6 | 11.7 | 75.7 | 17.6 | 6.7 | 87.0 | 8.6 | 4.5 | |||
| Education* | |||||||||||||
| Primary or less | 2991 (100) | 51.7 | 42.2 | 6.1 | <0.001 (<0.001) | 70.9 | 19.9 | 9.2 | <0.001 (<0.001) | 85.0 | 10.0 | 5.0 | <0.001 (<0.001) |
| Vocational | 7281 (100) | 40.4 | 51.5 | 8.1 | 65.0 | 22.5 | 12.5 | 83.4 | 11.2 | 5.4 | |||
| Secondary | 9806 (100) | 35.3 | 54.7 | 10.0 | 70.2 | 22.7 | 7.1 | 85.9 | 9.5 | 4.6 | |||
| University degree | 6556 (100) | 26.0 | 59.1 | 14.9 | 75.6 | 19.9 | 4.5 | 88.1 | 8.3 | 3.6 | |||
| Marital status | |||||||||||||
| Living with a partner | 19 936 (100) | 35.0 | 54.5 | 10.5 | <0.001 | 68.7 | 22.7 | 8.7 | <0.001 | 84.9 | 10.3 | 4.8 | <0.001 |
| Living alone | 6698 (100) | 39.9 | 50.5 | 9.6 | 74.8 | 18.5 | 6.7 | 88.0 | 8.2 | 3.8 | |||
| Lifestyle behaviours/medical history | |||||||||||||
| Smoking | |||||||||||||
| Never smoker | 12 579 (100) | 34.9 | 55.3 | 9.8 | <0.001 | 73.3 | 20.2 | 6.5 | <0.001 | 87.7 | 8.5 | 3.8 | <0.001 |
| Ex‐smoker | 6303 (100) | 37.5 | 51.8 | 10.7 | 69.5 | 21.2 | 9.3 | 82.7 | 11.4 | 5.9 | |||
| Regular smoker | 7752 (100) | 37.4 | 51.8 | 10.8 | 65.7 | 24.2 | 10.1 | 84.8 | 10.3 | 4.9 | |||
| Alcohol consumption (g day−1)* | |||||||||||||
| 0 | 5682 (100) | 39.7 | 48.7 | 11.6 | <0.001 (<0.001) | 81.2 | 13.9 | 4.9 | <0.001 (<0.001) | 86.5 | 7.7 | 5.8 | <0.001 (<0.001) |
| >0–20 | 17 921 (100) | 34.2 | 55.5 | 10.3 | 69.0 | 22.6 | 8.4 | 85.7 | 10.0 | 4.3 | |||
| >20 | 3031 (100) | 42.0 | 50.5 | 7.5 | 56.7 | 30.5 | 12.8 | 84.1 | 11.6 | 4.3 | |||
| Physical activity (MET‐h day−1)* | |||||||||||||
| <5 | 8210 (100) | 38.9 | 51.2 | 9.9 | <0.001 (<0.01) | 67.5 | 22.4 | 10.1 | <0.001 (<0.01) | 85.6 | 10.2 | 4.2 | <0.001 (<0.001) |
| 5–15 | 14 137 (100) | 34.5 | 55.4 | 10.1 | 70.6 | 21.9 | 7.5 | 85.9 | 9.7 | 4.4 | |||
| >15 | 4287 (100) | 36.9 | 51.5 | 11.6 | 74.2 | 19.2 | 6.6 | 84.9 | 8.8 | 6.3 | |||
| Energy (kcal day−1)* | |||||||||||||
| <2000 | 11 090 (100) | 43.3 | 50.3 | 6.5 | <0.001 (<0.001) | 74.0 | 18.9 | 7.1 | <0.001 (<0.001) | 85.1 | 10.1 | 4.8 | 0.222 (0.530) |
| 2000–2500 | 7228 (100) | 34.6 | 54.9 | 11.0 | 70.6 | 21.5 | 7.9 | 85.2 | 9.9 | 4.4 | |||
| >2500 | 8316 (100) | 28.3 | 56.9 | 14.8 | 64.8 | 25.3 | 9.9 | 86.2 | 9.2 | 4.6 | |||
| Fruits and vegetables consumption (g day−1)* | |||||||||||||
| <300 | 7856 (100) | 47.3 | 47.7 | 5.0 | <0.001 (<0.001) | 69.4 | 23.2 | 7.4 | <0.001 (<0.001) | 89.5 | 7.6 | 2.9 | <0.001 (<0.001) |
| 300–600 | 11 703 (100) | 33.0 | 57.2 | 9.8 | 71.4 | 21.0 | 7.6 | 85.9 | 9.5 | 4.6 | |||
| >600 | 7075 (100) | 29.3 | 53.7 | 17.0 | 69.1 | 20.8 | 10.1 | 81.1 | 12.5 | 6.4 | |||
| CVD or cancer in medical history | |||||||||||||
| No | 22 668 (100) | 35.3 | 54.4 | 10.4 | <0.001 | 69.2 | 22.4 | 8.4 | <0.001 | 85.7 | 9.8 | 4.5 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 3966 (100) | 41.9 | 48.4 | 9.7 | 75.7 | 17.4 | 6.9 | 85.7 | 9.2 | 5.1 | |||
| Diabetes in medical history | |||||||||||||
| No | 24 162 (100) | 34.8 | 54.7 | 10.5 | <0.001 | 68.9 | 22.5 | 8.6 | <0.001 | 86.5 | 9.4 | 4.1 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 2472 (100) | 50.7 | 41.3 | 8.0 | 83.0 | 13.1 | 3.9 | 78.0 | 12.8 | 9.2 | |||
ASB, artificially sweetened beverages; CVD cardiovascular disease; MET, metabolic equivalents; SSB, sugar‐sweetened beverages.
*
To test χ2 for trend, the main exposure variables were re‐categorised in a binary outcome: (never drink + <1 per day) versus (≥1 per day).
†
χ2.
‡
χ2 for trend. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.