Table 2.
Distribution of vaccine hesitancy and vaccination by health belief model (HBM) factors and cues to action.
| HBM factors and cues to action | Participants (N=2531), n (%) | Vaccine hesitancy | Vaccination | |||||||||||||
|
|
|
Vaccine hesitancy, n (%) | ORa (95% CI) | P value | Vaccination, n (%) | OR (95% CI) | P value | |||||||||
| Perceived susceptibility | ||||||||||||||||
|
|
Low | 2191 (86.6) | 948 (43.3) | 1 |
|
231 (10.4) | 1 |
|
||||||||
|
|
High | 340 (13.4) | 172 (50.6) | 1.34 (1.07-1.69) | .01 | 33 (9.7) | 0.91 (0.62-1.34) | .64 | ||||||||
| Perceived severity | ||||||||||||||||
|
|
Low | 292 (11.5) | 126 (43.2) | 1 |
|
42 (14.4) | 1 |
|
||||||||
|
|
High | 2239 (88.5) | 994 (44.4) | 1.05 (0.82-1.36) | .69 | 222 (9.9) | 0.66 (0.46-0.93) | .02 | ||||||||
| Perceived benefits | ||||||||||||||||
|
|
Low | 125 (4.9) | 86 (68.8) | 1 |
|
12 (9.6) | 1 |
|
||||||||
|
|
High | 2406 (95.1) | 1034 (43.0) | 0.34 (0.23-0.50) | <.001 | 252 (10.5) | 1.01 (0.95-1.07) | .76 | ||||||||
| Perceived barriers | ||||||||||||||||
|
|
Low | 1622 (64.1) | 630 (38.8) | 1 |
|
219 (13.5) | 1 |
|
||||||||
|
|
High | 909 (35.9) | 490 (53.9) | 2.08 (1.77-2.45) | <.001 | 49 (5.0) | 0.33 (0.24-0.47) | <.001 | ||||||||
| Self-efficacy | ||||||||||||||||
|
|
Low | 352 (13.9) | 252 (71.6) | 1 |
|
13 (3.7) | 1 |
|
||||||||
|
|
High | 2179 (86.1) | 868 (39.8) | 0.26 (0.20-0.34) | <.001 | 251 (11.5) | 3.39 (1.92-6.00) | <.001 | ||||||||
| Recommendations from authorities | ||||||||||||||||
|
|
Disagree | 393 (15.5) | 236 (60.1) | 1 |
|
17 (4.3) | 1 |
|
||||||||
|
|
Agree | 2138 (84.5) | 884 (41.4) | 0.47 (0.38-0.58) | <.001 | 247 (11.6) | 2.89 (1.75-4.78) | <.001 | ||||||||
| Recommendations from friends or family | ||||||||||||||||
|
|
Disagree | 367 (14.5) | 283 (77.1) | 1 |
|
28 (7.6) | 1 |
|
||||||||
|
|
Agree | 2164 (85.5) | 837 (38.7) | 0.19 (0.14-0.24) | <.001 | 236 (10.9) | 1.48 (0.99-2.23) | .06 | ||||||||
| Vaccination of authorities | ||||||||||||||||
|
|
Disagree | 290 (11.5) | 177 (61.0) | 1 |
|
12 (4.1) | 1 |
|
||||||||
|
|
Agree | 2241 (88.5) | 943 (42.1) | 0.46 (0.36-0.60) | <.001 | 252 (11.2) | 2.94 (1.62-5.31) | <.001 | ||||||||
| Vaccination of friends or family | ||||||||||||||||
|
|
Disagree | 1488 (58.8) | 696 (46.8) | 1 |
|
66 (4.4) | 1 |
|
||||||||
|
|
Agree | 1043 (41.2) | 424 (40.7) | 0.77 (0.66-0.91) | .002 | 198 (19.0) | 5.05 (3.77-6.76) | <.001 | ||||||||
aOR: odds ratio.