Table 2.
Clinical features of CPE infections of COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients.
| Characteristic | All (N = 73) |
Cases (N = 42) |
Controls (N = 31) |
p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acquisition of infection | ||||
| Nosocomial | 55 (75.3) | 39 (92.9) | 16 (51.6) | <.001 |
| Healthcare | 16 (21.9) | 3 (7.1) | 13 (41.9) | |
| Community | 2 (2.7) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (6.5) | |
| Time from admissiona, median (IQR), days | 21 (12–34) | 26 (14–33) | 12 (7–41) | .116 |
| Ward of hospitalization | ||||
| Intensive care unit | 37 (50.7) | 30 (71.4) | 7 (22.6) | <.001 |
| Emergency department | 17 (23.3) | 4 (9.5) | 13 (41.9) | |
| Medical ward | 15 (20.5) | 8 (19.0) | 7 (22.6) | |
| Surgical ward | 4 (5.5) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (12.9) | |
| Type of infection | ||||
| Urinary tract infection | 35 (47.9) | 18 (42.9) | 17 (54.8) | .714 |
| Pneumonia | 17 (23.3) | 12 (28.6) | 5 (16.1) | |
| Tracheobronchitis | 6 (8.2) | 4 (9.5) | 2 (6.5) | |
| Skin and soft tissue infection | 5 (6.8) | 3 (7.1) | 2 (6.5) | |
| Intra-abdominal infection | 4 (5.5) | 1 (2.4) | 3 (9.7) | |
| Primary bacteraemia | 3 (4.1) | 2 (4.8) | 1 (3.2) | |
| Catheter-related bacteraemia | 2 (2.7) | 1 (2.4) | 1 (3.2) | |
| Surgical site infection | 1 (1.4) | 1 (2.4) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Polymicrobial infectionb | 16 (21.9) | 8 (19.0) | 8 (25.8) | .490 |
| Bacteraemia | 20/57 (35.1) | 13/38 (34.2) | 7/19 (36.8) | .844 |
| Severity of infection | ||||
| Severe sepsis or septic shock | 28 (38.4) | 21 (50.0) | 7 (22.6) | .017 |
| No sepsis | 45 (61.6) | 21 (50.0) | 24 (77.4) | |
| SOFA score, median (IQR) | 3 (2–6) | 4 (2–6) | 2 (1–5) | .041 |
| INCREMENT score | ||||
| High risk (0–7) | 22 (30.1) | 14 (33.3) | 8 (25.8) | .488 |
| Low risk (8–15) | 51 (69.9) | 28 (66.7) | 23 (74.2) | |
| Enterobacterales | ||||
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | 59 (80.8) | 32 (76.2) | 27 (87.2) | .188 |
| Serratia marcescens | 8 (11.0) | 7 (16.6) | 1 (3.2) | |
| Enterobacter cloacae | 3 (4.1) | 1 (2.4) | 2 (6.4) | |
| Other speciesc | 3 (4.1) | 2 (4.8) | 1 (3.2) | |
| Type of carbapenemase | ||||
| KPC | 41 (56.2) | 24 (57.1) | 17 (54.8) | .145 |
| OXA-48 | 19 (26.0) | 8 (19.0) | 11 (35.5) | |
| VIM | 13 (17.8) | 10 (23.8) | 3 (9.7) | |
| Antimicrobial therapy | ||||
| Appropriate empirical therapy | 24/59 (40.7) | 13/29 (44.8) | 11/30 (36.7) | .524 |
| Combination targeted therapy | 22 (30.1) | 17 (40.5) | 5 (16.1) | .025 |
| Duration of therapy, median (IQR), days | 11 (7–14) | 11 (8–15) | 9 (6–14) | .256 |
Data are presented as n (%), unless otherwise indicated.
COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; CPE: carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales; IQR: interquartile range.
a
Time from admission to the onset of the first CPE nosocomial infection.
b
Polymicrobial infections were caused by carbapenem-susceptible Enterobacterales (7 cases), Enterococcus spp. (7), P. aeruginosa (5), S. constellatus (1), Bacteroides spp. (1), Parvimonas micra (1) and C. albicans (2).
c
Cases: K. oxytoca (1), and K. aerogenes (1). Controls: C. freundii (1).