Table 2.
Effects on elderly parents' life satisfaction.
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OLS | IV | |||
| Relationship satisfaction | Overall satisfaction | Relationship satisfaction | Overall satisfaction | |
| Child quantity and quality | ||||
| Number of children | 0.001 | −0.008 | −0.049 | −0.025 |
| (0.009) | (0.009) | (0.037) | (0.040) | |
| Primary school | 0.015 | 0.028 | 0.029 | 0.033 |
| (0.082) | (0.094) | (0.079) | (0.094) | |
| Lower secondary | 0.127* | 0.088 | 0.157** | 0.098 |
| (0.077) | (0.092) | (0.077) | (0.095) | |
| Upper secondary | 0.203*** | 0.215** | 0.243*** | 0.229** |
| (0.075) | (0.098) | (0.077) | (0.104) | |
| Vocational training or higher | 0.235*** | 0.298*** | 0.283*** | 0.315*** |
| (0.079) | (0.091) | (0.080) | (0.100) | |
| Parent characteristics | ||||
| Living with a son | −0.050* | −0.021 | −0.022 | −0.011 |
| (0.026) | (0.033) | (0.034) | (0.040) | |
| Living with a daughter | −0.014 | −0.014 | 0.013 | −0.005 |
| (0.031) | (0.034) | (0.039) | (0.045) | |
| Age | −0.014 | 0.012 | −0.001 | 0.017 |
| (0.014) | (0.016) | (0.017) | (0.020) | |
| Age at birth of first child | −0.000 | −0.006** | −0.007 | −0.009 |
| (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.006) | (0.006) | |
| Male | 0.084*** | 0.033 | 0.118*** | 0.045 |
| (0.030) | (0.029) | (0.033) | (0.038) | |
| Married | 0.080** | 0.138*** | 0.111*** | 0.149*** |
| (0.033) | (0.039) | (0.043) | (0.047) | |
| Not working | 0.036 | −0.042 | 0.025 | −0.046 |
| (0.030) | (0.037) | (0.030) | (0.039) | |
| Kinh (majority) | 0.019 | 0.009 | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| (0.049) | (0.047) | (0.050) | (0.049) | |
| Religion | 0.026 | 0.031 | 0.018 | 0.029 |
| (0.027) | (0.037) | (0.029) | (0.037) | |
| Primary | −0.039 | 0.029 | −0.054 | 0.024 |
| (0.040) | (0.043) | (0.040) | (0.045) | |
| Lower secondary | 0.070* | 0.099** | 0.035 | 0.087 |
| (0.035) | (0.046) | (0.042) | (0.054) | |
| Upper secondary | 0.032 | 0.017 | −0.024 | −0.003 |
| (0.044) | (0.049) | (0.059) | (0.068) | |
| Income (log) | 0.186*** | 0.458*** | 0.157** | 0.448*** |
| (0.058) | (0.070) | (0.062) | (0.077) | |
| House area (log) | 0.034 | 0.068** | 0.040* | 0.071** |
| (0.022) | (0.031) | (0.023) | (0.031) | |
| Good housing | 0.045 | 0.121*** | 0.023 | 0.114*** |
| (0.031) | (0.039) | (0.033) | (0.042) | |
| Constant | 3.884*** | 2.053*** | 3.658*** | 1.972*** |
| (0.468) | (0.574) | (0.483) | (0.599) | |
| N | 3,404 | 3,400 | 3,404 | 3,400 |
| adj. R2 | 0.050 | 0.082 | 0.037 | 0.081 |
| Weak instrument test (Wald F statistic) | 167.6 | 167.3 | ||
| Under-identification test (Kleibergen-Paap rk LM statistics): | 49.9 | 49.8 | ||
Robust standard errors in parentheses;
*
p < 0.10,
**
p < 0.05,
***
p < 0.01.