Table 3.

Effects on elderly parents' health.

	OLS				IV
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
	Physical health	Illness	Mental health	ADL	Physical health	Illness	Mental health	ADL
Child quantity and quality
Number of children	0.006	−0.015	0.015	−0.035**	−0.090***	0.492***	0.134**	0.082*
	(0.007)	(0.037)	(0.014)	(0.014)	(0.030)	(0.139)	(0.054)	(0.042)
Primary school	−0.022	−0.548	0.026	0.191	0.003	−0.684	−0.005	0.159
	(0.069)	(0.401)	(0.162)	(0.128)	(0.074)	(0.459)	(0.177)	(0.131)
Lower secondary	−0.032	−0.055	−0.078	0.233*	0.023	−0.353	−0.147	0.164
	(0.057)	(0.377)	(0.143)	(0.131)	(0.064)	(0.429)	(0.157)	(0.136)
Upper secondary	0.070	−0.444	−0.009	0.088	0.148**	−0.860*	−0.106	−0.008
	(0.053)	(0.409)	(0.140)	(0.125)	(0.065)	(0.468)	(0.161)	(0.137)
Vocational training or higher	0.045	−0.355	−0.110	0.209	0.138**	−0.850*	−0.226	0.094
	(0.056)	(0.415)	(0.149)	(0.130)	(0.068)	(0.475)	(0.169)	(0.142)
Parent characteristics
Living with a son	−0.024	0.174	0.032	0.100**	0.032	−0.125	−0.038	0.031
	(0.022)	(0.120)	(0.051)	(0.045)	(0.029)	(0.137)	(0.057)	(0.052)
Living with a daughter	0.026	−0.157	−0.119*	−0.018	0.076**	−0.420***	−0.181***	−0.079
	(0.026)	(0.144)	(0.061)	(0.052)	(0.031)	(0.153)	(0.065)	(0.055)
Age	−0.011	0.074	0.116***	−0.146***	0.018	−0.081	0.079***	−0.182***
	(0.014)	(0.064)	(0.025)	(0.025)	(0.017)	(0.073)	(0.030)	(0.030)
Age at birth of first child	−0.007**	0.030**	0.007	−0.002	−0.021***	0.104***	0.025***	0.015*
	(0.003)	(0.014)	(0.005)	(0.004)	(0.005)	(0.025)	(0.010)	(0.008)
Male	0.130***	−0.934***	−0.384***	−0.063	0.195***	−1.281***	−0.465***	−0.144**
	(0.024)	(0.127)	(0.048)	(0.049)	(0.030)	(0.157)	(0.054)	(0.059)
Married	−0.081***	0.307**	−0.303***	0.101*	−0.019	−0.019	−0.380***	0.025
	(0.029)	(0.138)	(0.055)	(0.055)	(0.040)	(0.168)	(0.070)	(0.058)
Not working	−0.240***	0.349***	−0.011	0.426***	−0.262***	0.465***	0.016	0.452***
	(0.032)	(0.131)	(0.056)	(0.050)	(0.035)	(0.144)	(0.058)	(0.051)
Kinh (majority)	0.015	−0.649**	−0.026	−0.206**	−0.022	−0.451	0.020	−0.160
	(0.040)	(0.277)	(0.093)	(0.092)	(0.043)	(0.302)	(0.101)	(0.098)
Religion	0.078**	−0.283*	−0.002	0.072	0.064*	−0.212	0.014	0.088
	(0.034)	(0.165)	(0.053)	(0.058)	(0.034)	(0.169)	(0.054)	(0.059)
Primary	0.018	0.037	−0.037	−0.068	−0.009	0.181	−0.004	−0.035
	(0.035)	(0.166)	(0.055)	(0.061)	(0.038)	(0.179)	(0.058)	(0.063)
Lower secondary	0.090**	−0.033	−0.145**	−0.051	0.025	0.315	−0.063	0.029
	(0.036)	(0.189)	(0.068)	(0.066)	(0.045)	(0.231)	(0.078)	(0.075)
Upper secondary	0.203***	−0.537**	−0.138*	−0.068	0.095	0.041	−0.003	0.066
	(0.044)	(0.221)	(0.072)	(0.066)	(0.059)	(0.289)	(0.091)	(0.081)
Income (log)	0.382***	−1.886***	−0.994***	−0.606***	0.324***	−1.582***	−0.923***	−0.535***
	(0.058)	(0.275)	(0.106)	(0.093)	(0.060)	(0.274)	(0.113)	(0.096)
House area (log)	0.046**	−0.258**	−0.079**	−0.016	0.058**	−0.319***	−0.093**	−0.030
	(0.023)	(0.100)	(0.038)	(0.040)	(0.024)	(0.109)	(0.040)	(0.040)
Good housing	0.084***	0.071	−0.050	−0.019	0.042	0.294**	0.002	0.033
	(0.028)	(0.123)	(0.056)	(0.046)	(0.031)	(0.130)	(0.059)	(0.048)
Constant	2.363***	6.599***	0.007	5.300***	1.836***	9.382***	0.658	5.945***
	(0.478)	(2.287)	(0.868)	(0.790)	(0.529)	(2.391)	(0.919)	(0.879)
N	3,602	3,603	3,603	3,603	3,602	3,603	3,603	3,603
adj. R2	0.140	0.084	0.123	0.156	0.091	0.020	0.101	0.133
Weak instrument test					174.4	175.7	175.7	175.7
Underidentfication test (Kleibergen-Paap rk LM statistic):					53.0	53.2	53.2	53.2

Robust standard errors in parentheses;

^*p < 0.10,

^**p < 0.05,

^***p < 0.01.