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. 2021 Aug 25;13:686506. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.686506

FIGURE 3.

FIGURE 3

Metformin alleviates hippocampal insulin resistance and impairs contextual fear memory induced by long-term isoflurane anesthesia, but not diabetic pathology. (A,B) Representative western blots (left panels) and densitometric analysis (right panels) showing the effects of isoflurane anesthesia, metformin, and anesthesia plus metformin pretreatment on the protein expression levels of hippocampal insulin-signaling pathway components in adult WT mice (B) and T2DM mice (C) (n = 3 mice per group). (C) Freezing time to context by adult WT mice receiving vehicle (Con), anesthesia (Anes), metformin (Met, 50 mg/kg), or metformin before anesthesia (Met + Anes) (n = 7–8). (D) Freezing time to context by T2DM mice receiving vehicle (DM), anesthesia (DM + Anes), metformin (DM + Met, 50 mg/kg), or metformin before anesthesia (DM + Met + Anes) (n = 7–8 mice per group). Data are expressed as mean ± SD and analyzed with one-way ANOVA test followed by Bonferroni multiple comparison test. ∗P < 0.05 and ∗∗P < 0.01 vs. Con group; &P < 0.05 and &⁣&P < 0.01 vs. Anes group; #P < 0.05 and ##P < 0.01 vs. DM group; $P < 0.05 and $$P < 0.01 vs. DM + Anes group.