3. Direction of effects of single or multi‐component interventions on outcomes.
| Study ID/outcomes | Adherence (n) | Quality of life | Hospital admissions (n) | Exacerbations (n) | Self‐efficacy (validated scale) | AEs (n) | Participant acceptability | Correct inhaler technique (n) | Mortality |
| Single component interventions | |||||||||
| Criner 2018 | — | ↑ | — | — | — | → | — | — | — |
| De Tullio 1987 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Hagedorn 2013 | — | → | → | → | — | → | — | — | → |
| Naderloo 2018 | ↑ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Park 2019 | → | — | — | → | — | → | — | — | — |
| Multi‐component interventions | |||||||||
| Jarab 2012 | ↑ | → | ↓ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Khdour 2009 | ↑ | → | ↓ | — | — | — | — | — | → |
| Leiva‐Fernandez 2014 | ↑ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Margolis 2013 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | → | → |
| To 2020 | → | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Tommelein 2014 | — | — | ↓ | →a ↓b |
— | — | — | ↑ | — |
| Wei 2014 | — | → | ↓ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Thom 2018 | — | → | — | — | → | — | — | ↑ | → |
| ↑ Effect favouring intervention; positive effect ↓ Reduction of cases, favours intervention → No difference between intervention or control — Not reported aPeople experiencing moderate exacerbations bPeople experiencing severe exacerbations | |||||||||
AE: adverse event; N: number of people.