Table II.
COVID-19 cohort characteristics by IHG status
| Characteristic | Overall | IHG-I | IHG-II | IHG-III | IHG-IV | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 522 | 111 | 335 | 9 | 67 | |
| Median age (IQR) (y) | 62 (47-72) | 51 (42-65) | 63 (48-72) | 62 (41-67) | 69 (61-78) | <.001 |
| Age ≥ 60 y, n (%) | 284 (54) | 35 (32) | 192 (57) | 5 (56) | 52 (78) | <.001 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 468 (90) | 92 (83) | 309 (92) | 8 (89) | 59 (88) | .04 |
| Race or ethnic group, n (%)∗ | .26 | |||||
| White | 152 (29) | 43 (39) | 90 (27) | 4 (44) | 15 (22) | |
| Black | 72 (14) | 17 (15) | 45 (13) | 1 (11) | 9 (13) | |
| Hispanic or Latino American | 234 (45) | 36 (32) | 163 (49) | 4 (44) | 31 (46) | |
| Asian | 2 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Indian or Alaska Native | 4 (1) | 1 (1) | 3 (1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Other | 51 (10) | 13 (12) | 27 (8) | 0 (0) | 11 (16) | |
| Unknown | 7 (1) | 1 (1) | 5 (1) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | |
| Median BMI (IQR)† | 30 (27-34) | 31 (28-35) | 30 (27-34) | 29 (28-32) | 28 (25-32) | .02 |
| BMI ≥ 30, n (%) | 281 (56) | 70 (66) | 178 (54) | 4 (50) | 29 (45) | .04 |
| Median time from symptom onset (IQR) (d) | 6 (2-9) | 6 (2-17) | 6 (3-9) | 5 (2-7) | 5 (2-8) | .26 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||
| Asthma | 28 (5) | 10 (9) | 17 (5) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | .18 |
| Bronchiectasis | 1 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | >.99 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 40 (8) | 4 (4) | 26 (8) | 1 (11) | 9 (13) | .09 |
| Interstitial lung disease | 9 (2) | 1 (1) | 3 (1) | 0 (0) | 5 (7) | .01 |
| Liver disease or cirrhosis | 38 (7) | 5 (5) | 25 (7) | 0 (0) | 8 (12) | .32 |
| Diabetes | 184 (35) | 33 (30) | 122 (36) | 3 (33) | 26 (39) | .59 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 110 (21) | 13 (12) | 70 (21) | 1 (11) | 26 (39) | <.001 |
| End-stage renal disease‡ | 8 (2) | 0 (0) | 4 (1) | 0 (0) | 4 (6) | .03 |
| Chronic heart failure | 45 (9) | 3 (3) | 33 (10) | 1 (11) | 8 (12) | .04 |
| Hypertension | 268 (51) | 46 (42) | 180 (54) | 3 (33) | 39 (58) | .06 |
| Coronary artery disease | 64 (12) | 8 (7) | 45 (13) | 1 (11) | 10 (15) | .27 |
| Connective tissue disease | 13 (2) | 3 (3) | 6 (2) | 0 (0) | 4 (6) | .26 |
| Myocardial infarction | 4 (1) | 0 (0) | 3 (1) | 1 (11) | 0 (0) | .09 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 37 (7) | 7 (6) | 24 (7) | 0 (0) | 6 (9) | .91 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 30 (6) | 4 (4) | 18 (5) | 0 (0) | 8 (12) | .15 |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 33 (6) | 5 (5) | 18 (5) | 1 (11) | 9 (13) | .06 |
| Active, lymphoma | 3 (1) | 0 (0) | 1 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (3) | .12 |
| Active, leukemia | 2 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | .31 |
| Active, solid tumor | 11 (2) | 1 (1) | 5 (1) | 0 (0) | 5 (7) | .03 |
| History of cancer | 34 (7) | 7 (6) | 14 (4) | 2 (22) | 11 (16) | .001 |
| HIV | 9 (2) | 1 (1) | 7 (2) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | .90 |
| Dementia | 43 (8) | 5 (5) | 25 (7) | 0 (0) | 13 (19) | .009 |
| Asplenia | 2 (0) | 2 (2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | .09 |
| Smoking status | .006 | |||||
| Current smoker | 45 (10) | 17 (20) | 24 (8) | 2 (33) | 2 (3) | |
| Former smoker | 82 (19) | 12 (14) | 55 (19) | 0 (0) | 15 (24) | |
| Clinical ordinal scale, n (%)§ | <.001 | |||||
| 1 | 29 (6) | 19 (17) | 8 (2) | 2 (22) | 0 (0) | |
| 2 | 137 (26) | 53 (48) | 70 (21) | 4 (44) | 10 (15) | |
| 3 | 5 (1) | 3 (3) | 2 (1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| 4 | 225 (43) | 31 (28) | 162 (48) | 3 (33) | 29 (43) | |
| 5 | 94 (18) | 4 (4) | 68 (20) | 0 (0) | 22 (33) | |
| 6 | 7 (1) | 0 (0) | 4 (1) | 0 (0) | 3 (4) | |
| 7 | 24 (5) | 1 (1) | 20 (6) | 0 (0) | 3 (4) | |
| 8 | 1 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| CMV seropositivity, n (%) | 231 (47) | 52 (51) | 123 (39) | 7 (88) | 49 (74) | <.001 |
| Initial setting, n (%) | <.001 | |||||
| Nonhospitalized | 173 (33) | 76 (68) | 79 (24) | 7 (78) | 11 (16) | |
| Hospitalized | 349 (67) | 35 (32) | 256 (76) | 2 (22) | 56 (84) |
BMI, Body mass index.
Race or ethnicity and sex were as recorded in electronic medical record.
BMI is the weight (kilograms) divided by the square of the height (meters).
End-stage renal disease was defined as requiring hemodialysis.
Scores on the clinical ordinal scale are as follows: 1, not hospitalized, no limitations of activities; 2, not hospitalized, limitation of activities, home oxygen requirement, or both; 3, hospitalized, not requiring supplemental oxygen and no longer requiring ongoing medical care; 4, hospitalized, not requiring supplemental oxygen but requiring ongoing medical care (COVID-19–related or other medical conditions); 5, hospitalized, requiring any supplemental oxygen; 6, hospitalized, receiving noninvasive ventilation or use of high-flow oxygen devices; 7, hospitalized, receiving invasive mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; and 8, death.