Table 2.

Medicinal plants used in traditional medicine in Taza city region, Morocco.

Family name	Plant species	Voucher codes	Vernacular name	Parts used	Preparation mode	Administration mode	RFC (%)	Utilisation	Ethnomedicinal uses recorded in the literature inside Morocco	Pharmacological properties verified in vivo and/or in vitro
Amaranthaceae	Chenopodium ambrosioides L.	RAB135-16	Mkhinza	Leaves	Raw with juice, raw	Oral Basting	13	Digestive tract infections Asthma Hepatitis	Headaches, migraine, measles, jaundice, syphilis, fever [4]	Antioxidant and immunostimulant [13] Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and improvement of intestinal immune status [14]
Amaryllidaceae	Allium sativum L.	RAB15-16	Touma	Leaves	Powder	Oral	3	Diabetes Cold Grippe Hypertension	Scorpion and snake bite, intestinal pain, hypertension [1]	Antioxidative and antigenotoxic effects [15]
Anacardiaceae	Pistacia lentiscus L.		Drou	Leaves	Decoction	Oral	5	Digestive system pathologies	Digestive diseases and evil eye [1]	Antibacterial activity [16]
Apiaceae	Daucus crinitus Desf.		Bozfor	Leaves	Raw Decoction	Oral Inhalation	2	Digestive system disorders	Digestive system [8]	Antimicrobial [17]
Apiaceae	Foeniculum vulgare Mill.	RAB92-16	Lbesbas Nafaa	Roots Leaves Seeds	Decoction Infusion Decoction	Oral Oral	4.5	Gastrointestinal diseases Rheumatism Asthma	Mouthwash [18] Kidney diseases, digestive, pain, diabetes [19]	Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant [20] Antibacterial [21]
Apiaceae	Pimpinella anisum L.	RAB231-16	Habbat Hlawa	Seeds	Raw	Oral	3	Diabetes, allergy, asthma, digestive system stimulation, tooth care	Spasmolitic, carminative, stomachic, diuretic, expectorant, stimulant kidney diseases, gastric pain, diabetes, antiemetic, tooth care [19]	Antioxidant and antimicrobial [22] Antimicrobial and cytotoxic [23]
Apiaceae	Petroselinum sativum	RAB266-16	Maâdnous	Stems Leaves	Decoction	Oral	3	Gastrointestinal infections, heart disease, hypertension, allergy	Cardiac disease and hypertension [24]	Antioxidant and antibacterial [25] Antihypertensive [26]
Apiaceae	Cuminum cyminum L.		Lkamoun	Seeds	Infusion	Oral	6	Gastrointestinal infections, stomach ache	Diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and pathologies of the digestive system [4]	Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities [27]
Apiaceae	Coriandrum sativum L.		Lkazber	Leaves Stems	Infusion	Oral	5.5	Hypertension	Cardiac disease and hypertension [24]	Antioxidant effect [28] Protection of gastric mucosal damage [29]
Apocynaceae	Nerium oleander L.	RAB188-16	Defla	Leaves	Infusion Raw	Oral Basting	2	Heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, dermatosis, fever, headache, sciatic nerve pain	Hypertension, cardiac disease, and diabetes [24] Rheumatism, osteoporosis, arthrosis [30]	Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antitumor [31]
Aristolochiaceae	Aristolochia longa		Baraztam	Roots	Decoction Powder	Oral Basting Rinsing	17	Cold, tooth pain, osteoarticular pain, inflammation, allergy	Cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases [32]	Cytotoxic and antimicrobial [33] Antibacterial [34]
Asteraceae	Dittrichia viscosa		Bagramane	Leaves	Raw Infusion	Basting Oral Massage	5	Cold, osteoarticular pain Diabetes Wormer	Dental abscesses [35]	Gastroprotection [36] Antibacterial and antifungal [37] Antibacterial and antioxidant [38]
Asteraceae	Atractylis gummifera L.		Addade	Roots	Decoction	Oral	3	Cold Rheumatism Abdominal pain	Tooth whitening, toothache, mouth ulcers, gingival bleeding, gingivitis, herpes labialis, bad breath, stomatitis [35]	Antidiabetic [39]
Asteraceae	Artemisia herba-alba Asso.	RAB26-16	Chih	Leaves Stems	Decoction	Oral	30	Gastrointestinal infections Abdominal pain Cold Nausea	Wounds, rheumatism, appetite stimulant, indigestion, diarrhea, bad breath, anthelmintic, emmenagogue, nausea, stomach pain [40]	Nephroprotective [41] Antimicrobial and antioxidant [42] Antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory [43]
Asteraceae	Artemisia absinthium L.	RAB33-16	Chiba	Leaves	Infusion	Oral	4	Intestinal parasites Dyspepsia Renal colic	Cold and flu, cholagogue, diuretic [44]	Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities [45]
Asteraceae	Matricaria chamomilla	RAB151-15	Babounj	Flowers	Infusion Powder	Oral Rinsing	16	Eczema Psoriasis Depression Intestinal colic	Colic, Diarrhée, Nervosité, Depression, Angines, Aphtes, Menstruations douloureuses, Fièvre, Abcès, infections [46]	Antibiofilm and anticaries [47], radical scavenging and antioxidant activity [48]
Capparaceae	Capparis spinosa L.		Lkabbar	Fruits	Raw Powder	Oral Basting	6	Digestive tract disorders Dermatological affections Diabetes Helminthiasis Respiratory problems, rheumatic pain, kidney stones	Stomach pain, asthma [40]	Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic [49] Antioxidant [50]
Caryophyllaceae	Herniaria cinerea DC.		Harast lahjer	Leaves Stems	Decoction	Oral	13	Diabetes Kidney stones	Antiurolithiasis [51] Bladder disorders, kidney stones, diuretic, reduced blood levels of uric acid [52]	Diuretic and decreased renal stone formation [53]
Cistaceae	Cistus ladanifer L.	RAB 108848	Touzala lbayda	Leaves	Decoction	Oral	1	Gastric pain	Gastric pain, common cold, and against digestive disorders [54]	Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic [55] Antibacterial [56]
Cupressaceae	Juniperus phoenicea	RAB 108845	Al'Araâr Elbeldi	Leaves	Decoction, raw	Oral	2	Gastrointestinal infections Asthma	Asthma, hepatitis, and rheumatism [57]	Antibacterial activity [58]
Cupressaceae	Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast.	RAB187-16	Al'Araâr	Leaves	Infusion Fumigation	Oral Inhalation	14	Stomach ache Hypotensive Diabetes	Endocrinological, general health, gastrointestinal, otolaryngological, and respiratory [59]	Antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic [60] Antibacterial [61]
Euphorbiaceae	Ricinus communis		Lkherwaa	Seeds	Oil	Massage Rinsing	8.5	Skin diseases, hair loss	Hair and face care [19]	Antiviral [62]
Fabaceae	Trigonella foenum-graecum L.		Lhelba	Seeds	Raw	Oral	4	Stomach ache Diuretic Diabetes	Diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, power problems [4]	Antimicrobial [63] Hypocholesterolemic and anti-inflammatory [64] Antiallergic [65]
Gentianaceae	Centaurium erythraea Rafn.	RAB 108847	Gossat lhaya	Leaves Stems	Decoction Powder	Oral Rinsing	9	Diabetes Wound healing Stomach ache Wound inflammation Analgesic	Hepatitis, asthma, and rheumatism [57] Digestive system and kidney diseases [1] Allergy and increasing energy [4]	Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects [66] Antihyperglycemic activity [67] Diuretic effects [68]
Lamiaceae	Mentha pulegium		Flio	Leaves	Infusion Decoction	Oral	72	Flu Cold	Cold, respiratory canals [1] Pathologies of the digestive system, cold problems, and pathologies of the respiratory system [4]	Antioxidant and antimutagenic activities [69]
Lamiaceae	Origanum compactum Benth.		Zaâtar	Leaves	Decoction Infusion Powder	Oral Rinsing	76	Gastrointestinal infection Stomach ache Fever Cold	Emmenagogue, nausea, food poisoning, asthma [40]	Antioxidant and antibacterial activities [70] Antiproliferative effect [71] Antimutagenic effect [72]
Lamiaceae	Calamintha officinalis Moench	RAB69-16	Manta	Leaves	Decoction Infusion	Oral	40	Flu Cold	Against different aches, antipyretic [73]	Antioxidant [74] Antioxidant and antimicrobial [75]
Lamiaceae	Marrubium vulgare L.	RAB364-16	Mriwta	Leaves	Decoction Raw	Oral Basting	11	Liver disease, respiratory problems, fever, diabetes	Toothache, gingival bleeding, bad breath, gingivitis [35]	Hepatoprotective [76] Antioxidant and antifungal [77]
Lamiaceae	Mentha rotundifolia		Mchichetru	Leaves	Infusion	Oral	16	Cold Grippe	Skin pathologies, respiratory disorders, digestive disorders [78]	Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant [79] Insecticidal and antifungal [80]
Lamiaceae	Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb.	RAB23-16	Chendgoura	Leaves Stems	Raw Infusion Powder	Oral	4	Diabetes Rheumatism Allergy Digestive disorders Antidiarrhea	Rheumatism, allergy, cancer [57] Cardiovascular diseases, pathologies of the digestive system, pathologies of the respiratory system [4]	Antibacterial activity [81] Antihyperglycemic activity [82,83]
Lamiaceae	Rosmarinus officinalis L.		Azir	Leaves Flowers	Decoction Infusion	Oral Massage	60	Gastric disorders Digestive system pathologies Heart disease	Cardiac disease, hypertension, and diabetes [24] Allergy, asthma, cancer, infections, and immune system depression [57] Pathologies of the digestive system, allergy, and dermocosmetology [4]	Antibacterial activity [84] Diuretic effects [68]
Lamiaceae	Salvia officinalis L.	RAB354-16	Salmia	Leaves	Infusion	Oral	21	Diabetes	Diabetes [6] Respiratory, digestive, circulatory [85] Cold, cough, diabetes, rheumatism, stomachic, carminative, choleretic, tonic, antisudorific, spasmolytic, throat pain, stomach pain, antiseptic, haemostatic [19]	Antioxidant, antibacterial, and antileishmanial activities [86]
Lamiaceae	Lavandula stoechas L.		Lhalhal	Leaves	Infusion	Oral	2.5	Gastrointestinal disorders	Rheumatism and asthma [57] Rheumatism and digestive system [1] Pathologies of the digestive system and diabetes [4]	Antibacterial activity [81]
Lamiaceae	Thymus vulgaris L.		Zaitra	Stems Leaves	Decoction	Oral	17	Cold Asthma Digestive tract infections	Colic, Diarrhea, Digestive disorders, Flatulence, Cooling, Bronchitis, Flu, Cough, Toothache, Painful menstruation, and Anemia infections [46] Gum disease, halitosis, oral ulcers [18]	Antioxidant and antibacterial [87] Antioxidative [88]
Lamiaceae	Lavandula		Lkhzama	Leaves Flowers	Powder	Oral	20	Urinary system disorder	ND	ND
Lamiaceae	Mentha spicata L.		Naanaa	Leaves Stems	Infusion	Oral	4	Cold Grippe	Migraine [89] Respiratory, skin [85]	Antibacterial [90] Antioxidant [91]
Lamiaceae	Origanum majorana L.		Mardedoch	Leaves	Infusion Decoction	Oral	7	Gastrointestinal infections Stomach ache Cold	Cephalalgia [40] Gum disease, dental pain [18]	Antidepressant-like effects [92] Antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxicity, and antiacetylcholinesterase [93]
Lamiaceae	Ocimum basilicum L.		Hbeq	Leaves	Infusion	Oral	10	Urinary system disorder	Allergy, cardiovascular diseases, and pathologies of the urinary system [4] Against mosquito, sinusitis, and tachycardia [94]	Antibacterial activity of essential oil [84]
Lauraceae	Laurus nobilis L.		Warkat sidna mossa	Leaves	Infusion	Oral	7	Respiratory problems Cough Digestive problems	Liver, pancreas, and digestive pain, face care, rheumatism, antiseptic, diuretic, sedative, rheumatism, calefacient [19]	Gastroprotective [95] Antibacterial and antibiofilm [96]
Lauraceae	Cinnamomum verum J. Presl		Lkarfa	Bark	Powder	Oral Rinsing	4	Cold Digestive system disorders Diabetes	Emmenagogue, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, painful periods [40]	Antibacterial [97] Antifungal [98]
Lythraceae	Lawsonia inermis L.		Lhana	Leaves	Powder	Basting	8	Hair protection Wound healing	Hair care, antifungal, burns, sprains, hypotensive, emetic, stomach pains, digestive disorders [19]	Antibacterial and antifungal [99] Wound healing [100] Antibacterial [101]
Moraceae	Ficus carica L.	RAB82-16	Chriha Lkarmous	Fruits	Raw	Oral	1.5	Asthma	Digestive system [1] Pathologies of the digestive system, pathologies of the circulatory system, and cardiovascular diseases [4]	Anticancer [102] Hepatoprotective and nephroprotective [103]
Myrtaceae	Eucalyptus globulus Labill (sp)	RAB93-16	Al'Kalitouss	Leaves	Fumigation	Inhalation	11	Flu	Diabetes [6] Asthma [57]	Antibacterial activity [104] Hypoglycemic activity [105]
Myrtaceae	Myrtus communis L.	RAB496-16	Arraihan	Leaves	Raw Decoction	Massage Oral	13	Hair loss Diarrhea	Diabetes [6] Cardiac weakness, digestive system [1]	Antioxidant activity [106] Antigenotoxic effect [107] Hypoglycemic effect [108]
Myrtaceae	Eugenia caryophyllata	RAB412-16	Qronfel	Flowers	Decoction Powder	Inhalation Massage Rinsing	3	Grippe Tooth pain	Headaches, migraine, pathologies of the digestive system, dermocosmetology [4]	Antibacterial and antioxidant [109] Antioxidant capacity and cytotoxic activity [110]
Nitrariaceae	Peganum harmala L.		Lharmal	Seeds	Fumigation	Inhalation	6.5	Rheumatism, back pain, fever	Gingivitis, toothache, mouth ulcers, herpes labialis, bad breath, stomatitis [35] Spasmolitic, sterility, uterus diseases, vermifuge, abortifacient, ritual, magic practice, and to relieve bad fate, hair care, eczema, neoplasms [19]	Antiviral [111] Antibacterial and antifungal [112]
Pedaliaceae	Sesamum indicum L.	RAB528-16	Ajenjlane	Seeds	Raw	Oral	1	Digestive system disorders	Appetite stimulant [40] Bloating, digestion problems [73]	Antiulcer [113] Gastroprotective [114] Antirheumatoid [115]
Ranunculaceae	Nigella sativa L.	RAB358-16	Lhaba sawda Sanûj	Seeds	Oil	Massage	2	Eczema Psoriasis	Appetite stimulant, kidney diseases, cough [40]	Nephron-protective [116] Antibacterial [117]
Rhamnaceae	Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam.	RAB622-16	Sedra	Leaves Stems	Infusion	Oral	1.5	Headache Joint pain	Cardiac ailments, pulmonary infection, haemostatic, colic animals, diabetes, stomach pain, diarrhea, kidney stones, throat pain, pectoral and emollient, jaundice [19]	Antiglycaemic, anticholesterolemic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial [118]
Rosaceae	Alchemilla vulgaris		Gdam sbaâ	Leaves	Raw Powder	Rinsing	4.5	Wound healing Inflammation of wounds	ND	ND
Thymelaeaceae	Daphne gnidium L.		Lzaz	Leaves	Raw	Basting	9	Hair loss	Hair care and hair strengthening [1] Dermocosmetology, fever, and head problems [4]	Anti-inflammatory [119] Antimicrobial [120]
Urticaceae	Urtica dioica L.	RAB565-16	Lhriga	Leaves	Decoction	Oral	8	Urinary system problem	Diabetes [6] Osteoporosis [30] Renal weakness, digestive system [1]	Antibacterial [121] Antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiulcer, and analgesic [22]
Verbenaceae	Aloysia citrodora Palau		Lwiza	Leaves	Infusion Decoction	Oral	42	Stomach ache Hypertension Diabetes	Sedative, hypertension, cold [40] Digestive, antiseptic, carminative, sedative, gastric lavage, calming, calefacient [19]	Antioxidant activity and antimicrobial properties [122]
Zingiberaceae	Curcuma longa L.		Lkharkoum	Roots	Powder	Basting	1	Pain Skin diseases	Dermatological, genitourinary, hepatic [32] Urinary-genital, mouth, breast, lung, digestive [123]	Antibacterial [124] Cytotoxic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory [125]
Zingiberaceae	Zingiber officinale Roscoe.		Skine jbir	Roots	Cooked powder	Oral	3	Cough	Aphrodisiac, cold, asthma, bronchitis, calefacient, depurative, analgesic, spice, digestive [19]	Antioxidant activity [126] Antibacterial [127]