Table 2.
Characteristics of included studies
| First author | Publication year | Country | Country income level | Type of TB | Years of data collection | Study design | Male proportion | Mean age | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hearing impairment | |||||||||
| Seddon [22] | 2012 | South Africa | UMI | DR | 2009–2010 | Retrospective cohort | 48.0 | 3.6 | 94 |
| Shean* [23] | 2013 | South Africa | UMI | DR | 2002–2008 | Retrospective cohort | 53.9 | 115 | |
| Ghafari [24] | 2015 | South Africa | UMI | DR | 2010 | Prospective cohort | 45.0 | 7 | 25 |
| Sagwa [25] | 2015 | Namibia | UMI | DR | 2004–2014 | Retrospective cohort | 56.09 | 36.4 | 353 |
| Appana [26] | 2016 | South Africa | UMI | DR | 2016 | Prospective cohort | 52.0 | 34 | 52 |
| Khoza-Shangase [27] | 2016 | South Africa | UMI | DS & DR (I) | 2012–2014 | Retrospective cohort | 46.0 | 36.6 | 191 |
| Trebucq* [28] | 2018 | Multiple countries† | LI | DR | 2013–2015 | Prospective cohort | 66.3 | 34 | 1006 |
| Harouna [29] | 2019 | Niger | LI | DR | 2008–2013 | Retrospective | 70.0 | 17 | 10 |
| Cohen [30] | 2019 | Malawi | LI | DS & DR (I) | 2013–2014 | Prospective cohort | 64.6 | 37 | 158 |
| Shibeshi [31] | 2019 | Ethiopia | LI | DR | 2010–2015 | Retrospective cohort | 54.2 | 32 | 879 |
| Bloss [32] | 2010 | Latvia | UMI | DR | 2000–2003 | Retrospective cohort | 76.0 | 42 | 996 |
| Ribeiro [33] | 2015 | Portugal | HI | DR | 2009–2012 | Prospective | 36.4 | 41 | 10 |
| Batirel [34] | 2015 | Multiple countries‡ | UMI | DS | 2000–2013 | Retrospective cohort | 52.0 | 51 | 314 |
| Lima [35] | 2006 | Brazil | UMI | DS & DR (I) | 2000–2001 | Cross-sectional | 79.4 | 38.8 | 36 |
| Vasconselos [36] | 2017 | Brazil | UMI | DR | 2006–2014 | Retrospective | 53.0 | 172 | |
| Kittikraisak [37] | 2008 | Thailand | LMI | DS & DR (I) | 2005–2008 | Prospective | 70.0 | 35 | 493 |
| Bharat [38] | 2014 | India | LMI | DR | 2012–2013 | Retrospective cohort | 63.28 | 42 | 207 |
| Nataprawira* [39] | 2016 | Indonesia | LMI | DS | 2007–2010 | Prospective cohort | 55.2 | 3.7 | 29 |
| Prasad* [40] | 2016 | India | LMI | DR | 2009–2010 | Prospective cohort | 69.4 | 29.3 | 98 |
| Sharma [41] | 2016 | India | LMI | DR | 2012 | Prospective | 68.0 | 37.5 | 100 |
| Synmon* [42] | 2017 | India | LMI | DS & DR (NI) | 2013–2015 | Prospective cohort | 61.3 | 32.3 | 93 |
| Justin [43] | 2019 | India | LMI | DR | 2006–2015 | Retrospective cohort | 46.7 | 29 | 30 |
| Piparva [44] | 2018 | India | LMI | DR | 2014–2015 | Retrospective cohort | 66.7 | 32.8 | 108 |
| Hoa [45] | 2015 | Vietnam | LMI | DR | 2010 | Cross-sectional | 65.0 | 282 | |
| Lebogang [46] | 2012 | South Africa | UMI | DR | ~ 2011 | Cross-sectional | 49.0 | 33 | 53 |
| Singla* [47] | 2009 | India | LMI | DR | 2002–2006 | Prospective cohort | 53.9 | 126 | |
| Aznar* [48] | 2019 | Angola | UMI | DR | 2013–2015 | Prospective cohort | 57.4 | 216 | |
| Mental health disorders | |||||||||
| Issa [49] | 2009 | Nigeria | LI | - | 2008 | Retrospective cohort | 63.1 | 35.1 | 65 |
| Deribew [50] | 2010 | Ethiopia | LI | DS | 2009 | Case control | 41.8 | 33.4 | 620 |
| Ige [51] | 2011 | Nigeria | LI | DS | 2010 | Prospective cohort | 31.8 | 27.1 | 88 |
| Shean* [23] | 2013 | South Africa | UMI | DR | 2002–2008 | Retrospective cohort | 53.9 | 115 | |
| van den Heuvel [52] | 2013 | Zambia | LMI | DS | 2009–2010 | Cross-sectional | 54.0 | 33.9 | 231 |
| Peltzer [53] | 2013 | South Africa | UMI | DS | 2011 | Cross-sectional | 54.5 | 36.2 | 4225 |
| Peltzer [54] | 2013 | South Africa | UMI | DS | 2011 | Cross-sectional | 54.5 | 36.1 | 4900 |
| Xavier [55] | 2015 | Angola | UMI | DS & DR (I) | 2013–2015 | Cross-sectional | 58.0 | 18 | |
| Duko [56] | 2015 | Ethiopia | LI | DS | 2014 | Prospective | 34.5 | 417 | |
| Kehbila [57] | 2016 | Cameroon | LMI | DS | 2015 | Cross-sectional | 49.7 | 36.9 | 265 |
| Ambaw [58] | 2017 | Ethiopia | LI | DS | 2014–2016 | Cross-sectional | 54.2 | 30 | 657 |
| Tomita [59] | 2019 | South Africa | UMI | DR | 2015–2016 | Prospective cohort | 22.0 | 141 | |
| Dasa [60] | 2019 | Ethiopia | LI | DS & DR (I) | 2017 | Cross-sectional | 59.0 | 39 | 403 |
| Aamir [61] | 2010 | Pakistan | LMI | DS & DR (I) | 2007–2008 | Prospective | 65 | ||
| Hadadi* [62] | 2010 | Iran | UMI | DS | 2003–2005 | Retrospective | 61.3 | 39.8 | 403 |
| Kaukab [63] | 2015 | Pakistan | LMI | DR | 2014 | Randomized control trial | 45.7 | 70 | |
| Tariq [64] | 2018 | Pakistan | LMI | DS | 2017 | Case control | 59.6 | 151 | |
| Khan [65] | 2018 | Pakistan | LMI | DR | 2016–2017 | Cross-sectional | 52.0 | 31 | 1279 |
| Bloss [32] | 2010 | Latvia | UMI | DR | 2000–2003 | Retrospective cohort | 76.0 | 42 | 996 |
| Yilmaz [66] | 2016 | Turkey | UMI | DS | 2014–2015 | Cross-sectional | 63.0 | 45.5 | 208 |
| Soriano-Arandes* [67] | 2019 | Spain | HI | DS & DR (I) | 2005–2013 | Retrospective cohort | 50.7 | 1.1 | 134 |
| dos-Santos [68] | 2017 | Brazil | UMI | - | 2013 | Cross-sectional | 69.8 | 44.6 | 86 |
| Castro-Silva [69] | 2018 | Brazil | UMI | DS | 2015–2016 | Cross-sectional | 62.6 | 40.7 | 98 |
| Bharat [38] | 2014 | India | LMI | DR | 2012–2013 | Retrospective cohort | 63.28 | 42 | 207 |
| Pardal [70] | 2015 | India | LMI | DS | 2014–2015 | Case control | 100.0 | 100 | |
| Galhenage [71] | 2016 | Sri Lanka | LMI | DS | 2014–2015 | Cross-sectional | 73.0 | 46.4 | 430 |
| Prasad* [40] | 2016 | India | LMI | DR | 2009–2010 | Prospective cohort | 69.4 | 29.3 | 98 |
| Akaputra [72] | 2017 | Indonesia | LMI | DS | 2016 | Cross-sectional | 74.5 | 55 | |
| Salodia [73] | 2019 | India | LMI | DS & DR (I) | 2018 | Cross-sectional | 57.5 | 38.4 | 106 |
| Masumoto [74] | 2014 | Philippines | LMI | DS | 2012 | Cross-sectional | 65.4 | 41.9 | 561 |
| Shen [75] | 2014 | Taiwan | HI | - | 2000–2001 | Case control | 67.8 | 60.9 | 9092 |
| Lee [76] | 2017 | Taiwan | HI | - | 2013–2014 | Cross-sectional | 65.5 | 65.2 | 84 |
| Xu [77] | 2017 | China | UMI | DS | Cross-sectional | 70.5 | 53.6 | 372 | |
| Gong [78] | 2018 | China | UMI | - | 2013–2014 | Cross-sectional | 67.4 | 47.7 | 1342 |
| Singla* [47] | 2009 | India | LMI | DR | 2002–2006 | Prospective cohort | 53.9 | 26 | 126 |
| Aznar* [48] | 2019 | Angola | UMI | DR | 2013–2015 | Prospective cohort | 57.4 | 30 | 216 |
| Musculoskeletal impairment | |||||||||
| Hadadi* [62] | 2010 | Iran | LMI | DS | 2003–2005 | Retrospective | 61.3 | 39.8 | 403 |
| Tinsa [79] | 2019 | Tunisia | LMI | DS | 2005–2007 | Retrospective cohort | 41.5 | 7.5 | 41 |
| Sezgi [80] | 2014 | Turkey | UMI | DS | 2005–2010 | Retrospective cohort | 60.9 | 21 | |
| Batirel [34] | 2015 | Multiple countries‡ | UMI | DS | 2000–2013 | Retrospective cohort | 52.0 | 51 | 314 |
| Soriano-Arandes* [67] | 2019 | Spain | HI | DS & DR (I) | 2005–2013 | Retrospective cohort | 50.7 | 1.1 | 134 |
| Samuel [81] | 2011 | India | LMI | DS | 2003–2008 | Retrospective cohort | 68.7 | 38 | 16 |
| Kamara* [82] | 2013 | India | LMI | DS | 2011 | Cross-sectional | 47.0 | 34 | 228 |
| Agarwal [83] | 2017 | India | LMI | DS | 2010–2015 | Retrospective | 40.0 | 8.2 | 30 |
| Luo [84] | 2018 | China | UMI | DS | 2009–2015 | Retrospective | 57.7 | 38.38 | 189 |
| Neurological impairment | |||||||||
| Njoku [85] | 2007 | Nigeria | LI | DS | 2000–2004 | Prospective | 77.2 | 92 | |
| Trebucq* [28] | 2018 | Multiple countries† | LI | DR | 2013–2015 | Prospective cohort | 66.3 | 34 | 1006 |
| Cohen [30] | 2019 | Malawi | LI | DS & DR (I) | 2013–2014 | Prospective cohort | 64.6 | 37 | 158 |
| Benzagmout [86] | 2011 | Morocco | LMI | DS | 2001–2006 | Retrospective cohort | 64.9 | 9.1 | 37 |
| Shaikh [87] | 2012 | Pakistan | LMI | DS | 2006–2011 | Retrospective cohort | 52.0 | 37.7 | 50 |
| Barungi [88] | 2014 | South Africa | UMI | DS | 2009 | Retrospective | 50.0 | 2.7 | 36 |
| Quereshi [89] | 2013 | Pakistan | LMI | DS & DR (I) | 2001–2010 | Retrospective | 57.5 | 36 | 87 |
| Alper [90] | 2008 | Turkey | UMI | DS & DR (I) | 2000–2004 | Retrospective cohort | 58.3 | 34.5 | 12 |
| Bloss [32] | 2010 | Latvia | UMI | DR | 2000–2003 | Retrospective cohort | 76.0 | 42 | 996 |
| Christensen [91] | 2011 | Denmark | HI | DS & DR (I) | 2000–2008 | Retrospective cohort | 48.0 | 30 | 50 |
| Miftode [92] | 2015 | Romania | UMI | DS & DR | 2004–2013 | Retrospective cohort | 59.0 | 29.3 | 204 |
| Batirel [34] | 2015 | Multiple countries‡ | UMI | DS | 2000–2013 | Retrospective cohort | 52.0 | 51 | 314 |
| Paulsrud [93] | 2019 | Denmark | HI | DS & DR (I) | 2000–2015 | Retrospective | 29.0 | 4 | 21 |
| Soriano-Arandes* [67] | 2019 | Spain | HI | DS & DR (I) | 2005–2013 | Retrospective cohort | 50.7 | 1.08 | 134 |
| Lucena [94] | 2015 | Brazil | UMI | DS | 2010–2013 | Cross-sectional | 79.2 | 50.8 | 24 |
| Ramos [95] | 2017 | USA | HI | DS | 2003–2011 | Retrospective cohort | 61.0 | 51 | 2789 |
| Karande [96] | 2005 | India | LMI | DS | 2000–2003 | Prospective | 3.1 | 123 | |
| Kalita [97] | 2007 | India | LMI | DS | 2003–2006¥ | Prospective cohort | 58.5 | 33.2 | 65 |
| Wani [98] | 2008 | India | LMI | DS | 2004–2007¥ | Prospective | 40.0 | 38 | |
| Garg [99] | 2010 | India | LMI | DS | 2005–2007 | Prospective cohort | 53.0 | 26 | 60 |
| Gunawardhana [100] | 2012 | Sri Lanka | LMI | DS | 2010–2011 | Prospective cohort | 63.0 | 44 | 89 |
| Lisha* [101] | 2012 | India | LMI | DS | 2008–2010 | Cross-sectional | 81.0 | 47 | 224 |
| Kamara* [82] | 2013 | India | LMI | DS | 2011 | Cross-sectional | 47.0 | 34 | 228 |
| Nataprawira* [39] | 2016 | Indonesia | LMI | DS | 2007–2010 | Prospective cohort | 55.2 | 3.7 | 29 |
| Synmon [42] | 2017 | India | LMI | DS & DR (NI) | 2013–2015 | Prospective cohort | 61.3 | 32.3 | 93 |
| Justin [43] | 2019 | India | LMI | DR | 2006–2015 | Retrospective cohort | 46.7 | 29 | 30 |
| Sheu [102] | 2010 | Taiwan | HI | DS | 2000–2003 | Retrospective cohort | 63.9 | 2283 | |
| Chen [103] | 2014 | Taiwan | HI | DS | 2002–2006 | Prospective | 61.5 | 65.1 | 38 |
| Chen [104] | 2015 | Taiwan | HI | - | 2009–2010 | Case control | 76.5 | 50.8 | 17 |
| Hoa [45] | 2015 | Vietnam | LMI | DR | 2010 | Cross-sectional | 65.0 | 282 | |
| Shen [105] | 2016 | Taiwan | HI | - | 2000–2009 | Retrospective cohort | 71.9 | 63 | 100000 |
| Luo [84] | 2018 | China | UMI | DS | 2009–2015 | Retrospective cohort | 57.7 | 38.38 | 189 |
| Aznar* [48] | 2019 | Angola | UMI | DR | 2013–2015 | Prospective | 57.4 | 30 | 216 |
| Sheu [102] | 2010 | Taiwan | HI | - | 2000–2003 | Retrospective cohort | - | - | 2283 |
| Renal impairment | |||||||||
| Shean* [23] | 2013 | South Africa [106] | UMI | DR | 2002–2008 | Retrospective cohort | 53.9 | 115 | |
| Arnold [107] | 2017 | UK | HI | DR | 2008–2014 | Prospective | 8 | ||
| Ramos [95] | 2017 | USA | HI | - | 2003–2011 | Retrospective cohort | 61.0 | 51 | 2789 |
| Wagaskar [108] | 2016 | India | LMI | DS | 2011–2013 | 58.1 | 36.2 | 31 | |
| Aznar* [48] | 2019 | Angola | UMI | DR | 2013–2015 | Prospective | 57.4 | 30 | 216 |
| Respiratory impairment | |||||||||
| Issa [49] | 2009/10 | Nigeria | LMI | - | 2008 | Prospective cohort | 63.1 | 35.1 | 67 |
| Maydell [109] | 2010 | South Africa | UMI | DS | 2004–2007 | Retrospective cohort | 38.1 | 1.7 | 21 |
| Ngahane [110] | 2015 | Cameroon | LMI | DS | 2014 | Cross-sectional | 54.3 | 34.2 | 269 |
| Manji [106] | 2016 | Tanzania | LI | DS | 2014 | Cross-sectional | 60.5 | 501 | |
| Chin [111] | 2018 | Zimbabwe | LMI | DS & DR (I) | 2011–2016 | Prospective cohort | 41 | 175 | |
| Fiogbe [112] | 2019 | Benin | LI | DS | 2016 | Cross-sectional | 67.7 | 37 | 189 |
| Mkoko [113] | 2019 | South Africa | UMI | DS | 2016 | Retrospective | 50.8 | 50.8 | 173 |
| Cohen [30] | 2021 | Malawi | LI | DS & DR (I) | 2013–2014 | Prospective cohort | 64.6 | 37 | 158 |
| Baig [114] | 2010 | Pakistan | LMI | - | 2007 | Prospective cohort | 76.5 | 53.4 | 47 |
| Radovic [115] | 2016 | Serbia | UMI | DS | 2005–2012 | Case control | 80.0 | 58.8 | 40 |
| Soriano-Arandes* [67] | 2019 | Spain | HI | DS & DR (I) | 2005–2013 | Retrospective cohort | 50.7 | 1.1 | 134 |
| Vashakidze [116] | 2019 | Georgia (Tbilisi) | LMI | DR | 2009–2011 | Cross-sectional | 57.0 | 31.2 | 58 |
| Ramos [117] | 2006 | Brazil | UMI | DS | 2000–2004 | Retrospective cohort | 30 | 218 | |
| Morrone [118] | 2007 | Brazil | UMI | DS | 2003 | Prospective | 66.6 | 35.2 | 75 |
| Byrne [119] | 2017 | Peru | UMI | DS & DR (I) | 2014 | Prospective cohort | 57.6 | 29 | 177 |
| Godoy [120] | 2012 | Brazil | UMI | DR | 2008–2010 | Cross-sectional | 67.0 | 43.7 | 18 |
| Nihues [121] | 2015 | Brazil | UMI | - | 2002–2012 | Cross-sectional | 52.1 | 40 | 121 |
| Maguire [122] | 2009 | Indonesia | LMI | DS | 2003–2004 | Prospective cohort | 66.7 | 29.1 | 69 |
| Singla [47] | 2009 | India | LMI | DR | 2009 | Cross-sectional | 55.6 | 33.5 | 51 |
| Bhattacharyya [123] | 2011 | India | LMI | - | 2006–2010 | Retrospective cohort | 161 | ||
| Lisha* [101] | 2012 | India | LMI | DS | 2008–2010 | Cross sectional | 81.0 | 47 | 224 |
| Das [124] | 2014 | India | LMI | DR | 2012–2014 | Retrospective cohort | 57.1 | 34.7 | 45 |
| Gandhi [125] | 2016 | India | LMI | DS | 2013 | Case control | 71.8 | 146 | |
| Panda [126] | 2016 | India | LMI | - | Cross-sectional | 71.3 | 38 | 101 | |
| Deepak [127] | 2017 | India | LMI | - | 2016 | Case control | 88.9 | 60.2 | 74 |
| Mukati [128] | 2017 | India | LMI | DR | 2014 | Prospective cohort | 70.0 | 36.8 | 130 |
| Santra [129] | 2017 | India | LMI | DS | 2014–2015 | Cross sectional | 84.1 | 53.4 | 218 |
| Patil [130] | 2018 | India | LMI | DS | 2013–2017 | Prospective | 60.1 | 1000 | |
| Singla [131] | 2018 | India | LMI | DR | 2002–2006 | Prospective | 54.3 | 27.6 | 46 |
| Gupte [132] | 2019 | India | LMI | DS | 2016–2019 | Prospective cohort | 52.0 | 32 | 172 |
| Lee [133] | 2003 | Republic of Korea | HI | DS | Prospective | 56.0 | 65.2 | 11 | |
| Lam [134] | 2010 | China | UMI | DS | 2003–2006 | Retrospective cohort | 26.4 | 61.9 | 1954 |
| Hwang [135] | 2014 | Republic of Korea | HI | DS | 2001–2002 | Prospective | 45.4 | 51 | 1384 |
| Rhee [136] | 2013 | Republic of Korea | HI | DS | 2005–2012 | Retrospective cohort | 60.5 | 65.6 | 457 |
| Jung [137] | 2015 | Republic of Korea | HI | - | 2008–2012 | Prospective cohort | 43.3 | 57.1 | 14967 |
| Jo [138] | 2017 | Republic of Korea | HI | DS | 2010–2015 | Retrospective | 195 | ||
| Jianmin [139] | 2018 | China | UMI | DS | 2008–2016 | Retrospective cohort | 67.5 | 76.8 | 104 |
| Park [140] | 2018 | Republic of Korea | HI | DS | 2011–2017 | Retrospective cohort | 85.6 | 73.2 | 182 |
| Sun [141] | 2018 | China | UMI | DS | 2013–2016 | Retrospective cohort | 49.6 | 34.5 | 135 |
| Akkara [142] | 2013 | India | LMI | DS | 2011–2012 | Prospective cohort | 74 | - | 257 |
| Visual impairment | |||||||||
| Shean* [23] | 2013 | South Africa | UMI | DR | 2002–2008 | Retrospective cohort | 53.9 | 115 | |
| Bloss [32] | 2010 | Latvia | UMI | DR | 2000–2003 | Retrospective cohort | 76.0 | 42 | 996 |
| Urzua [143] | 2017 | Chile; Spain | HI | DS | 2002–2012 | Retrospective cohort | 25.7 | 54.9 | 35 |
| Gunasekeran [144] | 2018 | UK | HI | DS | 2007–2014 | Retrospective cohort | 53.4 | 48.5 | 354 |
| Bharat [38] | 2014 | India | LMI | DR | 2012–2014 | Retrospective cohort | 63.3 | 42 | 207 |
| Soumyava [145] | 2014 | India | LMI | DS | 2011–2012 | Retrospective cohort | 67.5 | 34.4 | 61 |
| Nataprawira* [39] | 2016 | Indonesia | LMI | DS | 2007–2010 | Prospective cohort | 55.2 | 3.67 | 29 |
| Synmon* [42] | 2017 | India | LMI | DS & DR (NI) | 2013–2015 | Prospective cohort | 61.3 | 32.3 | 93 |
| Hsia [146] | 2015 | Taiwan | HI | - | 2000–2010 | Retrospective cohort | 67.9 | 56 | 6994 |
| Others^ | |||||||||
| Satti [147] | 2011 | Lesotho | LMI | DR | 2007–2009 | Retrospective cohort | 60 | - | 186 |
| Jo [138] | 2017 | Republic of Korea | HI | DS | 2010–2015 | Retrospective cohort | 67 | 63.5 | 195 |
| Lisha [101] | 2012 | India | LMI | DS | Cross-sectional | 224 | |||
| Wani [98] | 2008 | India | LMI | DS | Prospective cohort | 38 | |||
| Harouna [29] | 2019 | Niger | LI | DR | 2008–2013 | Retrospective cohort | 84 | 31 | 110 |
| Prakash [148] | 2017 | India | LMI | 2008–2013 | Prospective cohort | 55 | 11.3 | 44 | |
AFR African Region, SEAR South-East Asia Region, EUR European Region, EMR Eastern Mediterranean Region, PAHO Pan American Health Organization, WPR Western Pacific Region, LI low-income, LMI lower middle-income, UMI upper middle-income, HI high-income, DS drug sensitive TB, DR drug-resistant TB, DS & DR (I) drug-sensitive and drug-resistant TB with injectables for treatment, DS & DR (NI) drug-sensitive and drug-resistant TB with no injectable
*Indicates studies with more than one disability
†Burkina Faso, Burundi, Benin, Democratic Republic of Congo, Cote d’Ivoire, Cameroon, Niger, Rwanda
‡Turkey, Egypt, Albania, Greece
¥Exact year of study not given
^Others include hypothyroidism, diabetes, carcinoma, endocrinopathies, and hepatic failure