Table 1.

Summarizes the most recent study involving EVs in various renal diseases

Renal disorder	Source of EV	Role of EV	Reference
Diabetic kidney disease	Human urine and Mouse Urine	Lower expression of miR-26a can lead to the progression of Podocyte Injury in Autoimmune Glomerulonephritis	(Ichii et al. 2014)
IgA nephropathy and thin basement membrane nephropathy	Human Urine	Change in proteomics; proteins (aminopeptidase N, vasorin precursor, α-1-antitrypsin, and ceruloplasmin) are differentially expressed	(Moon et al. 2011)
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) Complex	Cell culture EV	Gene mutations changes the proteomics in mutant cell and EV production	(Zadjali et al. 2020)
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)	Human Urine	Change in proteomics. Ratio of PC1/TMEM2 [PC1 – polycystin1, TMEM2—transmembrane protein 2]	(Hogan et al. 2015)
Acute kidney injury	Human Urine	Presence of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) in the AKI patients	(Zhou et al. 2008)
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC)	Human Urine	Decreased expression of exosomal shuttle RNAs (GSTA1, CEBPA and PCBD1) in the RCC patients	(De Palma et al. 2016)
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)	Human Urine	Decreased level of AQP-2 and Increase level of APO-A1 in ADPKD patients	(Pocsfalvi et al. 2015)
Renal carcinoma	Human Urine	Differential protein profiling in EV produced in RCC	(Raimondo et al. 2013)
Medullary sponge kidney	Human Urine	Changes in proteomics in medullary sponge kidney patients	(Bruschi et al. 2019)31,018,934
Kidney transplantation	Human Urine	Decreased expression of CD133 in kidney transplanted patients	(Dimuccio et al. 2014)
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)	Human Urine	Decreased expression of miR-192-5p, miR-194-5p, miR-30a-5p, miR-30d-5p and miR-30e-5p in patients	(Magayr et al. 2020)
Kidney transplantation	Human Urine	Cyclosporine treated patient induces an increase in NKCC2 (Na–K-2Cl cotransporter in the loop of Henle) and NCC (Na-Cl cotransporter)	(Esteva-Font et al. 2014)