Table 2.

Clinical education development via telemedicine n = 17.

Author	Key findings	Clinical competencies	Site	Specialty	Country
Dawoud et al. [8]	Students guided through curated surgical video content of select neurosurgical procedures by faculty. Students joined telemedicine clinics observing and participating after prior completion of online telehealth training modules	2,3,4,9,11,12	Univ	Surgery	US
Pellegrini et al. [9]	1-on-1 attending and 4th yr. med student telemedicine clinic from available exam room. Two computers to access electronic health records.	1,2,4,8,10	Univ	ENT	US
DeVaro et al. [10]	3-way telehealth clinic with 3rd/4th yr. student, consented patient and ophthalmology attending. History taking and focused ophthalmic exam by student, presentation and feedback.	4,5,8	Univ	Ophthalmology	US
Rupley et al. [11]	Public health, telehealth visit & post-partum outreach teams ran by students. Rapid protocol and practice guideline updates by hospital leadership, EMR education and academic credit reward for student participation.	1,2,4,8,9,12	Univ	OBGYN	US
Coffey et al. [12]	Provision of practice guidelines for telehealth visits. Students joined as observers or participation.	2,4,5,7	Univ	MS	US
Iancu et al. [13]	Based on experience in applying telemedicine consultation as part of core and elective clerkships, 12 tips were suggested in setting stage, needs assessment, creating tools for student integration into telemedicine	1,2,4,5	Univ	MS	US
Ho et al. [14]	5 h student shifts on remote tele-ICU patient care, performing real interventions (medication, ventilator adjustment, lab recheck) as part of interdisciplinary care.	1,2,3,4,6,8,9	Univ	Med	US
Lal et al. [15]	Flipped classroom over zoom, role-play with faculty assessing symptoms and disclosing prognosis. Outpatient tele-palliative care clinic participation.	3,8	Univ	Med	US
Bhatia et al. [16]	Students guided patients with varying levels of technological literacy leveraging their communication skills. Switching to a telephone visit if the patient was still unable to connect.	1,2,3,4,6,8,9	Univ	FM	US
Hayes et al. [17]	20+ telemedicine family medicine patient encounters over 4 weeks. Illness script assignments reviewed by attending & different disease templates shared with students via online drive.	1,2,3,4,6,8,9	Univ	FM	US
Weber et al. [18]b	4-week virtual elective. Prior EMR training and introduction to workflow allowed students to document clinical information after encountering consented patients.	2,4,7,8	Univ	FM	US
Cain et al. [19]	Patients screened in advance, consented and ensured appropriate virtual interfaces in place. Students able to document the visit in patients' EMR and attested by attending.	2.4,5,7	Comm	FM	US
Carson et al. [20]b	Medical students staffed the hotline and assisted the underserved rural populations of northern Nevada; results showed significant improvements in students’ clinical skills including screening patients for COVID19, and triaging patients.	1,2,3,4,8,9	Comm	FM	US
Peterseim and Watson [21]	Telehealth clinic shadowing family medicine attending or student led e-consultation taking history and describing physical exam manoeuvres to patient to perform on themselves.	4,6,8,9	Comm	FM	US
Ruiz Colon et al. [22]	Students performed history taking, delivery of patient education and counselling after receiving basic telehealth training.	2,4,5	Comm	FM	US
Darnton et al. [23]a	Pre-clinical students already educated in basic clinical communication and exam skills consulted from own home whilst supervised by primary care physician in three-way telemedicine clinic.	1,2,4	Comm	FM	GB
Paul et al. [24]	Community care medicine involved final year students in telemedicine clinics and provided online small group teachings.	1,2,4,5,8,9,12	Comm	FM	GB

Clinical Competencies: 1. Professionalism; 2. Communication; 3. Scientific knowledge application; 4. History-taking; 5. Physical and mental examination; 6. Clinical Testing; 7. Clinical Procedures; 8. Information Management; 9. Diagnosis Skill; 10. Treatment, Prevention & Palliation; 11. Prognosis Skill; 12. Care provision in clinical context.

EMR: Electronic Medical Record.

Univ: University; Comm: Community.

ENT: Ear Nose Throat, otorhinolaryngology; FM: Family medicine; Med: medicine; MS: Medical school; OBGYN: Obstetrics and gynaecology.

US: United States of America; GB: United Kingdom (Great Britain).

^aPre-clinical phase.

^bBoth clinical and pre-clinical.