Table 5.
Bivariate and multivariable associations for GAD-7 anxiety scale.
| Bivariate analysis |
Multivariable analysis n = 3709 |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minimum & mild (n = 2547) n (%) |
Moderate & severe (n = 1850) n (%) |
aOR (95% CI) | P-value | |
| Gender | ||||
| Males | 919 (36.1) | 554 (29.9)*** | Reference | <0.001 |
| Females | 1628 (63.9) | 1296 (70.1) | 1.50 (1.29; 1.75) | |
| Age | ||||
| [18–25[ | 1957 (76.8) | 1482 (80.1)** | Reference | <0.001 |
| [25–35] | 590 (23.2) | 368 (19.9) | 0.72 (0.61; 0.85) | |
| Nationality | ||||
| Lebanese | 2338 (91.8) | 1637 (88.5)*** | Reference | 0.006 |
| Non-Lebanese | 209 (8.2) | 213 (11.5) | 1.37 (1.10; 1.70) | |
| Area of residence | ||||
| Beirut | 573 (22.5) | 453 (24.5) | – | |
| Akkar | 135 (5.3) | 86 (4.6) | ||
| Baalback-Hermel | 131 (5.1) | 77 (4.2) | ||
| Bekaa | 296 (11.6) | 225 (12.2) | ||
| Mount Lebanon | 548 (21.5) | 396 (21.4) | ||
| Nabatieh | 104 (4.1) | 62 (3.4) | ||
| North | 383 (15) | 304 (16.4) | ||
| South | 377 (14.8) | 247 (13.4) | ||
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | 290 (11.4) | 189 (10.2) | – | |
| Single | 2239 (87.9) | 1647 (89) | ||
| Widow/Divorced | 18 (0.7) | 14 (0.8) | ||
| Educational level | ||||
| Primary or less | 106 (4.2) | 64 (3.5) | – | |
| Secondary | 337 (13.2) | 226 (12.2) | ||
| University | 2104 (82.6) | 1560 (84.3) | ||
| Occupation | ||||
| HCW | 227 (9) | 133 (7.3) | – | |
| Non-HCW | 293 (11.6) | 190 (10.4) | ||
| Student | 1771 (70.2) | 1324 (72.7) | ||
| Unemployed | 233 (9.2) | 173 (9.5) | ||
| Alcohol intake | ||||
| No | 2219 (87.1) | 1539 (83.2)*** | Reference | 0.04 |
| Yes | 328 (12.9) | 311 (16.8) | 1.24 (1.01; 1.51) | |
| Smoking cigarettes | ||||
| No | 2219 (87.1) | 1552 (83.9)** | Reference | 0.03 |
| Yes | 328 (12.9) | 298 (16.1) | 1.26 (1.02; 1.54) | |
| Smoking hookah (nargileh) | ||||
| No | 1890 (74.2) | 1232 (66.6)*** | Reference | 0.009 |
| Yes | 657 (25.8) | 618 (33.4) | 1.22 (1.05; 1.42) | |
| Consuming caffeinated beverage | ||||
| No | 749 (29.4) | 452 (24.4)*** | Reference | 0.4 |
| Yes | 1798 (70.6) | 1398 (75.6) | 1.07 (0.92; 1.26) | |
| Consuming energy drinks | ||||
| No | 2038 (80) | 1400 (75.7)** | Reference | 0.2 |
| Yes | 509 (20) | 450 (24.3) | 1.11 (0.94; 1.31) | |
| Being the only person working at home | ||||
| No | 1829 (87.8) | 1387 (85.3)* | Reference | 0.2 |
| Yes | 254 (12.2) | 239 (14.7) | 1.15 (0.93; 1.42) | |
| Family income per month in USD | ||||
| < 500 | 418 (16.4) | 341 (18.4) | – | |
| [500–1500[ | 1098 (43.1) | 761 (41.1) | ||
| [1500–2500[ | 621 (24.4) | 479 (25.9) | ||
| 2500 or above | 410 (16.1) | 269 (14.5) | ||
| Health insurance | ||||
| None | 904 (35.5) | 609 (32.9) | – | |
| NSSF | 652 (25.6) | 447 (24.2) | ||
| COOP | 151 (5.9) | 119 (6.4) | ||
| Private | 711 (27.9) | 552 (29.8) | ||
| 2 insurances or more | 129 (5.1) | 123 (6.6) | ||
| In contact with a confirmed COVID-19 casea | ||||
| No | 2469 (96.9) | 1749 (94.5)*** | Reference | 0.6 |
| Yes | 78 (3.1) | 101 (5.5) | 1.10 (0.75; 1.62) | |
| In contact with a suspected COVID-19 casea | ||||
| No | 2423 (95.1) | 1677 (90.6)*** | Reference | 0.002 |
| Yes | 124 (4.9) | 173 (9.4) | 1.62 (1.20; 2.19) | |
| Body weight status during lockdown | ||||
| Decreased | 498 (19.6) | 431 (23.3)*** | Reference | |
| Increased | 692 (27.2) | 688 (37.2) | 1.18 (0.98; 1.42) | 0.09 |
| No change | 1357 (53.3) | 731 (39.5) | 0.71 (0.60; 0.85) | <0.001 |
| Consuming fruits and vegetables during lockdown | ||||
| No | 537 (21.1) | 473 (25.6)*** | Reference | 0.05 |
| Yes | 2010 (78.9) | 1377 (74.4) | 0.85 (0.72; 1.00) | |
| Drinking 2L of water or more/day during lockdown | ||||
| No | 1063 (41.7) | 917 (49.6)*** | Reference | <0.001 |
| Yes | 1484 (58.3) | 933 (50.4) | 0.74 (0.65; 0.86) | |
| Physical activity during lockdown (per week) | ||||
| No | 1133 (44.5) | 879 (47.5)** | Reference | |
| 2 to 3 times | 951 (37.3) | 697 (37.7) | 1.08 (0.93; 1.25) | 0.3 |
| > 3 times | 463 (18.2) | 274 (14.8) | 0.88 (0.72; 1.08) | 0.2 |
| Working from home | ||||
| Easy | 271 (14.5) | 167 (11.4) | – | |
| Acceptable | 737 (39.3) | 485 (33.2) | ||
| Hard | 313 (16.7) | 351 (24) | ||
| Prefer regular work | 553 (29.5) | 457 (31.3) | ||
| Likelihood to contract COVID-19 | ||||
| Not or not very likely | 1068 (41.9) | 828 (44.8) | – | |
| Somewhat or very likely | 872 (34.2) | 624 (33.7) | ||
| Don’t know | 607(23.8) | 398 (21.5) | ||
| Likelihood of surviving if infected with COVID-19 | ||||
| Not or not very likely | 984 (38.6) | 778 (42.1)* | Reference | |
| Somewhat or very likely | 1560 (61.2) | 1067 (57.7) | 0.80 (0.70; 0.92) | 0.002 |
| Don’t know | 3 (0.1) | 5 (0.3) | 1.49 (0.32; 6.94) | 0.6 |
| Worrying about family members getting COVID-19 infection | ||||
| Not or not very worried | 560 (22) | 359 (19.4) | – | |
| Somewhat or very worried | 1911 (75) | 1439 (77.8) | ||
| No family members | 76 (3) | 52 (2.8) | ||
GAD-7: 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale; aOR: Adjusted Odds ratio; CI: Confidence Interval; HCW: Healthcare workers; USD: United States Dollars; NSSF: National Social Security Fund; COOP: Cooperatives; COVID-19: Coronavirus Diseases 2019. For the bivariate analysis: *Significant at P < 0.05, **Significant at P < 0.01, ***Significant at P < 0.001.
a
In the past 14 days.