Table 6.
Bivariate and multivariable associations for Insomnia severity score.
| Bivariate analysis |
Multivariable analysis n = 4397 |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No clinical or subthreshold n = 3456 n (%) |
Moderate/severe insomnia n = 941 n (%) |
aOR (95% CI) | P-value | |
| Gender | ||||
| Males | 1178 (34.1) | 295 (31.3) | – | |
| Females | 2278 (65.9) | 646 (68.7) | ||
| Age | ||||
| [18–25[ | 2661 (77) | 778 (82.7)** | Reference | 0.02 |
| [25–34] | 795 (23) | 163 (17.3) | 0.77 (0.62; 0.96) | |
| Nationality | ||||
| Lebanese | 3144 (91) | 831 (88.3)* | Reference | 0.004 |
| Non-Lebanese | 312 (9) | 110 (11.7) | 1.42 (1.12; 1.81) | |
| Area of residence | ||||
| Beirut | 780 (22.6) | 246 (26.1)*** | Reference | |
| Akkar | 202 (5.8) | 19 (2) | 0.35 (0.21; 0.58) | <0.001 |
| Baalback-Hermel | 167 (4.8) | 41 (4.4) | 0.85 (0.58; 1.25) | 0.4 |
| Bekaa | 410 (11.9) | 111 (11.8) | 0.94 (0.72; 1.22) | 0.6 |
| Mount Lebanon | 720 (20.8) | 224 (23.8) | 1.05 (0.84; 1.29) | 0.7 |
| Nabatieh | 133 (3.8) | 33 (3.5) | 0.90 (0.59; 1.37) | 0.6 |
| North | 571 (16.5) | 116 (12.3) | 0.72 (0.56; 0.92) | 0.01 |
| South | 473 (13.7) | 151 (16) | 1.03 (0.81; 1.32) | 0.8 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | 412 (11.9) | 67 (7.1)*** | Reference | |
| Single | 3024 (87.5) | 862 (91.6) | 1.43 (1.05; 1.93) | 0.02 |
| Widow/divorced | 20 (0.6) | 12 (1.3) | 3.33 (1.50; 7.39) | 0.003 |
| Educational level | ||||
| Primary or less | 151 (4.4) | 19 (2)*** | Reference | |
| Secondary | 471 (13.6) | 92 (9.8) | 1.58 (0.91; 2.73) | 0.1 |
| University | 2834 (82) | 830 (88.2) | 2.50 (1.51; 4.16) | <0.001 |
| Occupation | ||||
| HCW | 295 (8.6) | 65 (7) | – | |
| Non-HCW | 386 (11.3) | 97 (10.5) | ||
| Student | 2413 (70.6) | 682 (73.5) | ||
| Unemployed | 322 (9.4) | 84 (9.1) | ||
| Alcohol intake | ||||
| No | 2969 (85.9) | 789 (83.8) | – | |
| Yes | 487 (14.1) | 152 (16.2) | ||
| Smoking cigarettes | ||||
| No | 3009 (87.1) | 762 (81)*** | Reference | <0.001 |
| Yes | 447 (12.9) | 179 (19) | 1.53 (1.25; 1.88) | |
| Smoking hookah (nargileh) | ||||
| No | 2490 (72) | 632 (67.2)** | Reference | 0.4 |
| Yes | 966 (28) | 309 (32.8) | 1.07 (0.90; 1.27) | |
| Consuming caffeinated beverage | ||||
| No | 997 (28.8) | 204 (21.7)*** | Reference | 0.02 |
| Yes | 2459 (71.2) | 737 (78.3) | 1.24 (1.03; 1.49) | |
| Consuming energy drinks | ||||
| No | 2752 (79.6) | 686 (72.9)*** | Reference | 0.03 |
| Yes | 704 (20.4) | 255 (27.1) | 1.22 (1.02; 1.47) | |
| Being the only person working at home | ||||
| No | 2502 (86.9) | 714 (86.1) | – | |
| Yes | 378 (13.1) | 115 (13.9) | ||
| Family income per month in USD | ||||
| < 500 | 603 (17.4) | 156 (16.6) | – | |
| [500–1500[ | 1474 (42.7) | 385 (40.9) | ||
| [1500–2500[ | 865 (25) | 235 (25) | ||
| 2500 or above | 514 (14.9) | 165 (17.5) | ||
| Health insurance | ||||
| None | 1192 (34.5) | 321 (34.1) | – | |
| NSSF | 863 (25) | 236 (25.1) | ||
| COOP | 208 (6) | 62 (6.6) | ||
| Private | 1008 (29.2) | 255 (27.1) | ||
| 2 insurances or more | 185 (5.4) | 67 (7.1) | ||
| In contact with a confirmed COVID-19 casea | ||||
| No | 3312 (95.8) | 906 (96.3) | – | |
| Yes | 144 (4.2) | 35 (3.7) | ||
| In contact with a suspected COVID-19 casea | ||||
| No | 3232 (93.5) | 868 (92.2) | – | |
| Yes | 224 (6.5) | 73 (7.8) | ||
| Body weight status during lockdown | ||||
| Decreased | 712 (206) | 217 (23.1)*** | Reference | |
| Increased | 1026 (29.7) | 354 (37.6) | 1.00 (0.81; 1.23) | 0.9 |
| No change | 1718 (49.7) | 370 (39.3) | 0.71 (0.58; 0.86) | 0.001 |
| Consuming fruits and vegetables during lockdown | ||||
| No | 753 (21.8) | 257 (27.3)*** | Reference | 0.01 |
| Yes | 2703 (78.2) | 684 (72.7) | 0.80 (0.66; 0.95) | |
| Drinking 2L of water or more/day during lockdown | ||||
| No | 1488 (43.1) | 492 (52.3)*** | Reference | <0.001 |
| Yes | 1968 (56.9) | 449 (47.7) | 0.76 (0.65; 0.88) | |
| Physical activity during lockdown (per week) | ||||
| No | 1532 (44.3) | 480 (51)*** | Reference | |
| 2 to 3 times | 1301 (37.6) | 347 (36.9) | 0.95 (0.81; 1.12) | 0.6 |
| More than 3 times | 623 (18) | 114 (12.1) | 0.65 (0.52; 0.83) | <0.001 |
| Likelihood to contract COVID-19 | ||||
| Not likely or not very likely | 1437 (41.6) | 459 (48.8)*** | Reference | |
| Somewhat or very likely | 1231 (35.6) | 265 (28.2) | 0.67 (0.56; 0.79) | <0.001 |
| Don’t know | 788 (22.8) | 217 (23.1) | 0.86 (0.71; 1.04) | 0.1 |
| Likelihood of surviving if infected with COVID-19 | ||||
| Not likely or not very likely | 1356 (39.2) | 406 (43.1) | – | |
| Somewhat or very likely | 2094 (60.6) | 533 (56.6) | ||
| Don’t know | 6 (0.2) | 2 (0.2) | ||
| Worrying about family members getting COVID-19 infection | ||||
| Not worried or not very worried | 736 (21.3) | 183 (19.4) | – | |
| Somewhat or very worried | 2623 (75.9) | 727 (77.3) | ||
| No family members | 97 (2.8) | 31 (3.3) | ||
aOR: adjusted odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; HCW: healthcare workers; USD: United States Dollars; NSSF: National Social Security Fund; COOP: Cooperatives; COVID-19: Coronavirus Diseases 2019. For the bivariate analysis: *Significant at P < 0.05, **Significant at P < 0.01, ***Significant at P < 0.001.
a
In the past 14 days.