Figure 2.

Microinjection of NE into the PVT accelerates emergence from propofol anesthesia and enhances locomotion

(A) Schematic of cannula implantation into the PVT and EEG-EMG recordings (top) and timeline for NE (2 mM, 240 nL) or ACSF microinjection in propofol-induced general anesthesia experiment (bottom).

(B) EEG power spectrum and EEG-EMG traces and hypnograms during the transition from propofol-induced anesthesia to wakefulness after NE (2 mM, 240 nL) microinjection into the PVT.

(C) Latency to wakefulness from propofol-induced anesthesia after NE (2 mM, 240 nL) or ACSF microinjection into the PVT. Two-tailed paired t test, ∗p < 0.05, n = 8 mice for each group.

(D) The correlation between latency to wakefulness and RORR from propofol-induced anesthesia after NE (2 mM, 240 nL) or ACSF microinjection into the PVT. The dotted line was the bisector of the first quadrant (Y = X).

(E) Representative DAPI staining images from one mouse implanted with cannula in the PVT. The arrow indicates the cannula track. Scale bar: 100 μm.

(F) Timelines for NE (2 mM, 240 nL) or ACSF microinjection in propofol-induced general anesthesia experiment (top) and open field experiment (bottom).

(G) Propofol-induced RORR in NE (2 mM) or ACSF microinjection experiments. Two-tailed paired t test, ∗∗p < 0.01, n = 10 and 11 mice for each group.

(H) Representative moving tracks from an ACSF microinjected mouse (top) and a NE microinjected mouse (bottom).

(I–L) Total distance (I), move duration (J), center duration (K), and velocity (L) in open field test after microinjection of ACSF or NE into the PVT. two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni test, ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, n = 10 mice for each group. Data are represented as mean ± SEM.