Table 1.
Sociodemographic background, morbidity status, recent health care experiences and self-reported COVID-19 exposure risk of eight countries during the early stage of COVID-19 pandemic.
| South Africa N = 1067 |
Netherlands N = 3293 | UK N = 3230 |
Greece N = 959 |
Italy N = 3210 |
US N = 3220 |
Sweden N = 3209 | Russia N = 3166 |
Total N = 21354 |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | ||||||||||
| Median (IQR) | 33.0 (20.0) | 49.0 (29.0) | 44.0 (27.0) | 39.0 (20.0) | 43.0 (22.0) | 46.0 (27.0) | 48.0 (28.0) | 40.0 (22.8) | 44.0(25.0) | |
| Mean (SD) | 36.3 (13.5) | 47.9 (16.6) | 45.5 (15.9) | 40.3 (13.2) | 44.0 (14.2) | 46.5 (16.1) | 47.6 (16.3) | 40.7 (14.0) | 44.7 (15.7) | |
| Age group | ||||||||||
| 18–24 yrs. | 235 (22.0%) | 338 (10.3%) | 315 (9.8%) | 151 (15.7%) | 276 (8.6%) | 355 (11.0%) | 301 (9.4%) | 531 (16.8%) | 2502 (11.7%) | |
| 25–34 yrs. | 343 (32.1%) | 520 (15.8%) | 649 (20.1%) | 206 (21.5%) | 626 (19.5%) | 539 (16.7%) | 536 (16.7%) | 704 (22.2%) | 4123 (19.3%) | |
| 35–44 yrs. | 201 (18.8%) | 539 (16.4%) | 708 (21.9%) | 229 (23.9%) | 827 (25.8%) | 608 (18.9%) | 556 (17.3%) | 603 (19.0%) | 4271 (20.0%) | |
| 45–54 yrs. | 149 (14.0%) | 577 (17.5%) | 510 (15.8%) | 203 (21.2%) | 675 (21.0%) | 592 (18.4%) | 616 (19.2%) | 680 (21.5%) | 4002 (18.7%) | |
| 55–64 yrs. | 98 (9.2%) | 636 (19.3%) | 511 (15.8%) | 137 (14.3%) | 463 (14.4%) | 558 (17.3%) | 551 (17.2%) | 488 (15.4%) | 3442 (16.1%) | |
| 65–75 yrs. | 41 (3.8%) | 683 (20.7%) | 537 (16.6%) | 33 (3.4%) | 343 (10.7%) | 568 (17.6%) | 649 (20.2%) | 160 (5.1%) | 3014 (14.1%) | |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Male | 488 (45.7%) | 1587 (48.2%) | 1558 (48.2%) | 457 (47.7%) | 1537 (47.9%) | 1414 (43.9%) | 1519 (47.3%) | 1588 (50.2%) | 10148 (47.5%) | |
| Female | 579 (54.3%) | 1706 (51.8%) | 1672 (51.8%) | 502 (52.3%) | 1673 (52.1%) | 1806 (56.1%) | 1690 (52.7%) | 1578 (49.8%) | 11206 (52.5%) | |
| Education level | ||||||||||
| High | 656 (61.5%) | 1462 (44.4%) | 1975 (61.1%) | 587 (61.2%) | 1333 (41.5%) | 1855 (57.6%) | 1884 (58.7%) | 1645 (52.0%) | 11397 (53.4%) | |
| Middle | 406 (38.1%) | 1000 (30.4%) | 1180 (36.5%) | 335 (34.9%) | 1429 (44.5%) | 1142 (35.5%) | 988 (30.8%) | 1460 (46.1%) | 7940 (37.2%) | |
| Low | 5 (0.5%) | 831 (25.2%) | 75 (2.3%) | 37 (3.9%) | 448 (14.0%) | 223 (6.9%) | 337 (10.5%) | 61 (1.9%) | 2017 (9.4%) | |
| Occupation | ||||||||||
| Employed | 656 (61.5%) | 1684 (51.1%) | 1932 (59.8%) | 508 (53.0%) | 1848 (57.6%) | 1671 (51.9%) | 1574 (49.0%) | 2006 (63.4%) | 11879 (55.6%) | |
| Student | 131 (12.3%) | 245 (7.4%) | 100 (3.1%) | 91 (9.5%) | 223 (6.9%) | 98 (3.0%) | 232 (7.2%) | 254 (8.0%) | 1374 (6.4%) | |
| Unemployed | 173 (16.2%) | 379 (11.5%) | 394 (12.2%) | 267 (27.8%) | 726 (22.6%) | 526 (16.3%) | 445 (13.9%) | 477 (15.1%) | 3387 (15.9%) | |
| Retired | 47 (4.4%) | 651 (19.8%) | 575 (17.8%) | 77 (8.0%) | 385 (12.0%) | 665 (20.7%) | 783 (24.4%) | 382 (12.1%) | 3565 (16.7%) | |
| Unable to work | 60 (5.6%) | 334 (10.1%) | 229 (7.1%) | 16 (1.7%) | 28 (0.9%) | 260 (8.1%) | 175 (5.5%) | 47 (1.5%) | 1149 (5.4%) | |
| Income | ||||||||||
| High | 271 (25.4%) | 805 (24.4%) | 650 (20.1%) | 302 (31.5%) | 413 (12.9%) | 909 (28.2%) | 683 (21.3%) | 473 (14.9%) | 4506 (21.1%) | |
| Middle | 551 (51.6%) | 1383 (42.0%) | 1537 (47.6%) | 281 (29.3%) | 1760 (54.8%) | 1589 (49.3%) | 1553 (48.4%) | 2024 (63.9%) | 10678 (50.0%) | |
| Low | 172 (16.1%) | 547 (16.6%) | 773 (23.9%) | 274 (28.6%) | 691 (21.5%) | 546 (17.0%) | 596 (18.6%) | 446 (14.1%) | 4045 (18.9%) | |
| Unwilling to tell | 73 (6.8%) | 558 (16.9%) | 270 (8.4%) | 102 (10.6%) | 346 (10.8%) | 176 (5.5%) | 377 (11.7%) | 223 (7.0%) | 2125 (10.0%) | |
| Chronic conditions | ||||||||||
| 0 | 1828 (56.6%) | 1601 (49.7%) | 1639 (49.8%) | 1983 (61.8%) | 570 (59.4%) | 1761 (55.6%) | 615 (57.6%) | 1421 (44.3%) | 11418 (53.5%) | |
| 1 | 882 (27.3%) | 986 (30.6%) | 1026 (31.2%) | 857 (26.7%) | 300 (31.3%) | 948 (29.9%) | 310 (29.1%) | 1047 (32.6%) | 6356 (29.8%) | |
| 2 | 325 (10.1%) | 339 (10.5%) | 368 (11.2%) | 236 (7.4%) | 62 (6.5%) | 300 (9.5%) | 91 (8.5%) | 453 (14.1%) | 2174 (10.2%) | |
| 3 | 125 (3.9%) | 171 (5.3%) | 166 (5.0%) | 74 (2.3%) | 16 (1.7%) | 102 (3.2%) | 32 (3.0%) | 177 (5.5%) | 863 (4.0%) | |
| 4 or more | 70 (2.2%) | 123 (3.8%) | 94 (2.9%) | 60 (1.9%) | 11 (1.1%) | 55 (1.7%) | 19 (1.8%) | 111 (3.5%) | 543 (2.5%) | |
| Smoking | ||||||||||
| No | 2930 (90.7%) | 2921 (90.7%) | 2977 (90.4%) | 2688 (83.7%) | 761 (79.4%) | 2676 (84.5%) | 892 (83.6%) | 2868 (89.4%) | 18713 (87.6%) | |
| Yes | 300 (9.3%) | 299 (9.3%) | 316 (9.6%) | 522 (16.3%) | 198 (20.6%) | 490 (15.5%) | 175 (16.4%) | 341 (10.6%) | 2641 (12.4%) | |
| COVID-19 status | ||||||||||
| Not infected | 2745 (85.0%) | 2704 (84.0%) | 2834 (86.1%) | 2879 (89.7%) | 897 (93.5%) | 2963 (93.6%) | 994 (93.2%) | 2514 (78.3%) | 18530 (86.8%) | |
| Infected but recovered | 30 (0.9%) | 46 (1.4%) | 28 (0.9%) | 16 (0.5%) | 1 (0.1%) | 17 (0.5%) | 3 (0.3%) | 37 (1.2%) | 178 (0.8%) | |
| Maybe infected | 444 (13.7%) | 426 (13.2%) | 420 (12.8%) | 315 (9.8%) | 60 (6.3%) | 182 (5.7%) | 70 (6.6%) | 647 (20.2%) | 2564 (12.0%) | |
| Infected and not recovered | 11 (0.3%) | 44 (1.4%) | 11 (0.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.1%) | 4 (0.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 11 (0.3%) | 82 (0.4%) | |
| Living situation | ||||||||||
| Living alone | 638 (19.8%) | 714 (22.2%) | 871 (26.5%) | 328 (10.2%) | 131 (13.7%) | 398 (12.6%) | 109 (10.2%) | 1010 (31.5%) | 4199 (19.7%) | |
| Living alone with children | 277 (8.6%) | 255 (7.9%) | 216 (6.6%) | 190 (5.9%) | 70 (7.3%) | 201 (6.3%) | 120 (11.2%) | 290 (9.0%) | 1619 (7.6%) | |
| Living with other adults | 1321 (40.9%) | 1277 (39.7%) | 1318 (40.0%) | 1326 (41.3%) | 371 (38.7%) | 1132 (35.8%) | 283 (26.5%) | 1123 (35.0%) | 8151 (38.2%) | |
| Living with other adults and children | 919 (28.5%) | 836 (26.0%) | 834 (25.3%) | 1308 (40.7%) | 368 (38.4%) | 1284 (40.6%) | 496 (46.5%) | 720 (22.4%) | 6765 (31.7%) | |
| Other | 75 (2.3%) | 138 (4.3%) | 54 (1.6%) | 58 (1.8%) | 19 (2.0%) | 151 (4.8%) | 59 (5.5%) | 66 (2.1%) | 620 (2.9%) | |
| Feeling protected | ||||||||||
| Very well | 737 (22.8%) | 944 (29.3%) | 457 (13.9%) | 486 (15.1%) | 395 (41.2%) | 428 (13.5%) | 312 (29.2%) | 512 (16.0%) | 4271 (20.0%) | |
| Well | 1231 (38.1%) | 1101 (34.2%) | 1705 (51.8%) | 1409 (43.9%) | 397 (41.4%) | 1202 (38.0%) | 389 (36.5%) | 1133 (35.3%) | 8567 (40.1%) | |
| Reasonably | 1096 (33.9%) | 990 (30.7%) | 976 (29.6%) | 1111 (34.6%) | 140 (14.6%) | 1132 (35.8%) | 323 (30.3%) | 1117 (34.8%) | 6885 (32.2%) | |
| Insufficiently | 166 (5.1%) | 185 (5.7%) | 155 (4.7%) | 204 (6.4%) | 27 (2.8%) | 404 (12.8%) | 43 (4.0%) | 447 (13.9%) | 1631 (7.6%) | |
| Last outpatient visit | ||||||||||
| >3 months ago | 2228 (69.0%) | 1909 (59.3%) | 2159 (65.6%) | 2060 (64.2%) | 641 (66.8%) | 2364 (74.7%) | 702 (65.8%) | 1947 (60.7%) | 14010 (65.6%) | |
| 1–3 months ago | 673 (20.8%) | 758 (23.5%) | 706 (21.4%) | 846 (26.4%) | 220 (22.9%) | 467 (14.8%) | 220 (20.6%) | 532 (16.6%) | 4422 (20.7%) | |
| 1–4 weeks ago | 215 (6.7%) | 328 (10.2%) | 241 (7.3%) | 193 (6.0%) | 65 (6.8%) | 182 (5.7%) | 109 (10.2%) | 426 (13.3%) | 1759 (8.2%) | |
| Last week | 114 (3.5%) | 225 (7.0%) | 187 (5.7%) | 111 (3.5%) | 33 (3.4%) | 153 (4.8%) | 36 (3.4%) | 304 (9.5%) | 1163 (5.4%) | |
| Access of healthcare | ||||||||||
| Very good/Always good | 1087 (33.7%) | 1632 (50.7%) | 1264 (38.4%) | 957 (29.8%) | 301 (31.4%) | 603 (19.0%) | 397 (37.2%) | 979 (30.5%) | 7220 (33.8%) | |
| Good/Usually good | 1264 (39.1%) | 1052 (32.7%) | 1501 (45.6%) | 1457 (45.4%) | 366 (38.2%) | 1304 (41.2%) | 403 (37.8%) | 1201 (37.4%) | 8548 (40.0%) | |
| Fair/Sometimes good | 668 (20.7%) | 421 (13.1%) | 414 (12.6%) | 625 (19.5%) | 188 (19.6%) | 777 (24.5%) | 177 (16.6%) | 731 (22.8%) | 4001 (18.7%) | |
| Bad/Usually not good | 163 (5.0%) | 84 (2.6%) | 95 (2.9%) | 134 (4.2%) | 79 (8.2%) | 337 (10.6%) | 66 (6.2%) | 224 (7.0%) | 1182 (5.5%) | |
| Very bad/Never good | 48 (1.5%) | 31 (1.0%) | 19 (0.6%) | 37 (1.2%) | 25 (2.6%) | 145 (4.6%) | 24 (2.2%) | 74 (2.3%) | 403 (1.9%) | |
Note to Table 1: For Greece and Russia, income represents individual monthly income, for the rest, it represents annual household income. Smoking is referring to the self-perception of risk to COVID-19 due to smoking. The order of the country in the table is by median EQ-5D-5L index score.