Table 2.
Multiple linear regression on EQ-5D-5L and WHO-5 according to non-health and health-related risk factors during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic, for healthy (N = 10,411) and diseased (N = 8119) persons separately, excluding persons infected with COVID-19.
| Healthy |
Diseased |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 10411 |
N = 8119 |
||||||
| EQ-5D-5L index | EQ VAS | WHO-5 index | EQ-5D-5L index | EQ VAS | WHO-5 index | ||
| (Intercept) | 92.7 | 89.7 | 106.9 | 81.6 | 80.2 | 89.0 | |
| Age group | * | * | * | * | |||
| 25–34 yrs. | 2.1 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.1 | −0.9 | 0.1 | |
| 35–44 yrs. | 2.0 | −0.1 | 1.3 | 0.0 | −1.4 | 1.6 | |
| 45–54 yrs. | 2.4 | −0.4 | 3.7 | 0.7 | −2.2 | 3.8 | |
| 55–64 yrs. | 2.0 | −0.4 | 4.8 | 1.2 | −1.0 | 7.4 | |
| 65–75 yrs. | 2.5 | 0.0 | 6.4 | 2.8 | 0.1 | 10.0 | |
| Sex | * | * | * | ||||
| Female | −0.4 | 0.2 | −4.5 | −0.8 | 1.0 | −5.9 | |
| Education level | * | * | * | * | |||
| Middle | −0.1 | −0.1 | 1.1 | −1.2 | −1.3 | 0.8 | |
| Low | 0.2 | 0.2 | 2.1 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 3.8 | |
| Occupation | * | * | * | * | * | * | |
| Student | −0.8 | −0.7 | −5.5 | −1.1 | −0.6 | −5.9 | |
| Unemployed | −1.7 | −1.1 | −4.3 | −3.1 | −1.6 | −6.0 | |
| Retired | −0.6 | 0.3 | 1.0 | −4.4 | −3.3 | −0.1 | |
| Unable to work | −7.9 | −5.0 | −10.6 | −22.5 | −12.4 | −11.3 | |
| Income | * | * | * | * | * | * | |
| Middle | −1.1 | −1.3 | −1.3 | −2.1 | −2.0 | −3.1 | |
| Low | −1.4 | −1.5 | −1.9 | −4.3 | −4.3 | −5.8 | |
| Unwilling to tell | −0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 | −1.2 | −1.5 | −2.7 | |
| Living situation | * | * | * | ||||
| Living alone with children | −0.7 | −0.5 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 2.4 | |
| Living with other adults | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.7 | 1.9 | |
| Living with other adults and children | 0.0 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 0.5 | 1.9 | 2.9 | |
| Other | −2.3 | 0.0 | −1.0 | −0.2 | 1.3 | 0.0 | |
| Smoking | * | * | * | * | * | ||
| Yes | −2.4 | −1.5 | −3.1 | −2.2 | −0.8 | −4.4 | |
| Chronic conditions | * | * | * | ||||
| 2 | \ | \ | \ | −8.9 | −6.1 | −6.2 | |
| 3 | \ | \ | \ | −17.2 | −11.1 | −10.7 | |
| 4 | \ | \ | \ | −29.6 | −16.7 | −16.8 | |
| Feeling protected against COVID-19 | * | * | * | * | * | * | |
| Well | −1.1 | −4.4 | −7.9 | −0.5 | −3.2 | −5.9 | |
| Reasonably | −2.3 | −7.4 | −14.7 | −4.1 | −8.3 | −14.0 | |
| Insufficiently | −5.1 | −8.9 | −20.7 | −8.3 | −11.5 | −19.1 | |
| Access of healthcare | * | * | * | * | * | * | |
| Good/Usually good | −1.8 | −3.1 | −5.6 | −2.5 | −2.4 | −5.1 | |
| Fair/Sometimes good | −3.8 | −5.9 | −10.4 | −6.2 | −5.5 | −9.9 | |
| Bad/Usually not good | −6.1 | −5.4 | −11.4 | −9.1 | −5.8 | −13.3 | |
| Very bad/Never good | −4.1 | −4.3 | −12.7 | −12.9 | −7.3 | −15.2 | |
| Stringency index | * | * | * | * | * | ||
| 3.5 | 2.7 | −30.6 | 12.3 | 7.4 | −17.9 | ||
Note to Table 2: Multiple linear regression on 100*EQ-5D-5L, EQ-VAS, and WHO-5 (scale 0–100). Asterisk (*) refer to the categories that are statistically significant (<0.05). Reference group: 18–24 yrs, male, high educated, being employed, high household income, living alone, no extra risk of COVID-19 from smoking, 1 chronic condition (for diseased respondents), feeling very well protected against COVID-19, very good experience with the access to healthcare. For healthy respondents, chronic conditions were not included in the model. Therefore, in the table shown as “\”. The numeric stringency index was used and divided by 100.