Table 1.
Therapeutic strategy and cilia-related pathways associated with glioblastoma development and therapy resistance.
| Cilia-related pathway | Promotion/inhibition of proliferation | Therapeutic strategy | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pathway involved in GBM development | SHH | Promote | Vismodegib (52), Sonidegib (52) |
| LPAR1 | Inhibit | ND | |
| CCRK-ICK/MAK | Promote | ND | |
| HDAC6 | Promote | Ricolinostat (53), Citarinostat (53) | |
| PCM1 | Inhibit | ND | |
| Pathway involved in GBM therapy resistance | EGFR | Promote | Afatinib (54), Dacomitinib (55), Panitumumab (56, 57) |
| PDGFRɑ | Promote | SHP099 (58) | |
| MGMT | Promote | TMZ (59) | |
GBM, glioblastoma; SHH, sonic hedgehog; LPAR1, lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1; CCRK, cell cycle-related kinase; HDAC6, histone deacetylase 6; PCM1, pericentriolar material 1; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; PDGFRɑ, alpha-type platelet-derived growth factor receptor; MGMT, O6-methylguanyl DNA methyltransferase; TMZ, temozolomide; ND, not determined.