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. 2021 Sep 8;11:17849. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-97301-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Standardized time course of energy metabolism, body temperature and blood glucose. Hourly average of RQ (a), blood glucose (b), core body temperature (c), energy expenditure (d), carbohydrate oxidation (e) and fat oxidation (f) of each subject were standardized, and mean ± SE of 11 men are shown. For comparison, time course of RQ was shown as red dotted line in panels (b–f). Data were derived from a sedentary control trial of a previous experiment focused on the effect of exercise on peripheral clock gene expression (24.5 ± 2.8 years; BMI 22.2 ± 1.9 kg/m²; body fat 16.1 ± 3.8%)²². Prescribed diet was provided as breakfast (9:00), lunch (13:00), and dinner (18:00). Subjects slept for 7 h from 23:00 to 6:00 (grey bars).