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. 2021 Sep 8;11:17849. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-97301-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cumulative display of sleep architecture during simultaneous assessment of energy metabolism. The percentage of subjects in each sleep stage is shown for men (upper panel) and women (lower panel). The total number of subjects was 38 men and 27 women (11 in follicular phase, 11 in luteal phase, and 5 cases without record). Subjects slept for 8 h in a metabolic chamber for indirect calorimetry^8,23–25. In this dataset, the nadir of the RQ was 3.00 ± 0.26 and 2.04 ± 0.39 h after bedtime for the men and women, respectively (P < 0.0368).