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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2021 Mar 9;32(3):172–177. doi: 10.1016/j.tcm.2021.03.001

Figure 1:

Figure 1:

Overview of Cardioneural Network from the Perspective of the Heart. This describes in detail the cardiac and thoracic structures that relay information between the heart and brain. The role of these structures in stress perception and physiology are described in italics. Afferent, efferent, and bidirectional pathways are described.